The rapid monitoring of total fungi, including air and surface fungal profiling, is an important issue. Here, we applied air and surface sampling, combined with digital image quantification of surface mold spots, to evaluate the contribution of surface fungi to airborne fungal concentrations. Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and yeast often appeared in the air or on wall surfaces during sampling. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratios (I/O ratios) demonstrated that the airborne concentrations of commonly found fungal genera outdoors were higher than those indoors (median I/O ratio = 0.65–0.91), excluding those of Penicillium and yeast. Additionally, the surface density (fungal concentration/area) of individual fungi showed no significant correlation with the airborne concentration, excluding that of Geotrichum. However, if a higher surface ratio (>0.00031) of mold spots appeared in the total area of an indoor environment, then the concentrations of Aspergillus and Geotrichum in the air increased significantly. Our results demonstrated that the airborne concentration of indoor fungi is significantly correlated with the outdoor concentration. A higher density of surface fungi does not necessarily contribute to a high fungal concentration in the air. In contrast to fungal density, quantification of the surface fungal area is recommended to assess the risk of surface fungi propelling into the air.
Given the increasing groundwater exploitation, an attempt is enforced to establish the hydro geological conceptual model of this area. This carries on the numerical simulation of groundwater flow by using the IGW, which is known as the international standard software. The mathematical model established in this paper has reflected the local practical hydro geological conditions and can be used to predict and manage groundwater resources.
The Yangtze River Estuary has become increasingly challenged by various destructive threats to its ecosystem such as the frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms. Four cruises were carried out in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent area in 2006. Ten variables including CODMn, PO43--P, SiO3-Si, NO3--N, NO2--N, NH4+-N, TN, TP, TOC and chl-a were analyzed by exploratory data analysis. Nitrate was the dominant form of TN throughout the year. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to estimate the sources of nutrients contamination in 2006. Two principal components (PCs) were extracted, namely, CODMn, PO43--P, NO3--N and TN for PC1, NO2--N and chl-a for PC2. Influenced by anthropogenic sewage, PC1 near Shidongkou, Bailonggang, Xinhe and Zhuyuan outlets was higher than other stations. The primary influencing factor of PC1 were the contaminants carried by runoff from the Yangtze River. And the dominating factors of eutrophication in 2006 were CODMn, PO43--P, NO3--N, TN and chl-a in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent area.
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