Abstract-We describe a trainable system for analyzing videos of developing C. elegans embryos. The system automatically detects, segments, and locates cells and nuclei in microscopic images. The system was designed as the central component of a fully-automated phenotyping system. The system contains three modules (1) a convolutional network trained to classify each pixel into five categories: cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus membrane, nucleus, outside medium; (2) an Energy-Based Model which cleans up the output of the convolutional network by learning local consistency constraints that must be satisfied by label images; (3) A set of elastic models of the embryo at various stages of development that are matched to the label images.
Recently, chirality was successfully introduced to rare earth complexes, which have long afterglow phosphorescence, by ball-milling with l/d-cysteine, leading to CPP with a dissymmetry factor (g lum ) up to 10 −2 . [16] CPP from multiple metal centers has also been achieved by the preparation of a homochiral metal-organic framework. [17] Despite these fantastic examples, the candidates for creating CPP are still limited. New candidates with a long lifetime and intrinsic phosphorescence are urgently needed to widen the family of CPP materials and broaden the scope of their applications.Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are intermediates between single-metal complexes and metal nanoparticles. [18,19] Metal NCs, especially those formed by the complexation of metal ions with organic ligands, could have atomic precision proved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Their photoluminescence is normally weak in dilute dispersions or amorphous state, which is disadvantageous for the construction of CPP materials. However, this drawback could be overcome by lowering the temperature or forcing them to form highly ordered supramolecular structures. [20] In the latter case, in most cases, the emission is characterized by a relatively long lifetime of microseconds that could be assigned to phosphorescence in nature. For the chirality which is another necessity to induce CPP, chiral organic ligands were routinely adopted during the preparation of the metal NCs. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Based on these efforts, a few metal NCs that exhibit CPP in solid states have been successfully created, including gold, [27][28][29] silver, [30,31] and copper [32][33][34][35] NCs.In terms of the chirality of a given system, the building blocks are unnecessarily chiral, which has been confirmed by chiral supramolecular self-assemblies formed by achiral organic molecules, such as those with C 3 -symmetry. [36][37][38] However, this rule has not been demonstrated for metal NCs until very recently. [39] The breakthrough came from the assembly of watersoluble silver NCs ((NH 4 ) 9 [Ag 9 (mba) 9 ], H 2 mba = 2-mercaptobenzoic acid, abbreviated to Ag 9 -NCs hereafter), which were facilely obtained by coordination of Ag(I) with 2-mercaptobenzoic acid (H 2 mba) in water in the presence of ammonia-water (Figure 1a). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed each cluster has a core of nine Ag(I) ions that resembles a triangular prism comprising three Ag 3 trigons. The cluster has a C 3 axis that passes Recently, advanced optical materials with circularly polarized phosphorescence (CPP) have attracted much attention. However, such materials are limited due to the difficulty of preparation and the scarcity of precursors. Herein, CPP materials are constructed for the first time using water-soluble, pseudo-chiral silver nanoclusters with atomic precision ((NH 4 ) 9 [Ag 9 (mba) 9 ], H 2 mba = 2-mercaptobenzoic acid, abbreviated to Ag 9 -NCs hereafter). Induced by the complexation of l-or d-tartaric acid (TrA) through h...
Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have drawn considerable attention by virtue of their outstanding features. Compared with organometallic complexes and pure organic compounds, carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a new type of RTP materials, which show great advantages, such as moderate reaction condition, low toxicity, low cost, and tunable optical properties. In this review, the important progress made in RTP CDs is summarized, with an emphasis on the latest developments. The synthetic strategies of RTP CDs will be comprehensively summarized, followed by detailed introduction of their performance regulation and potential applications in anti‐counterfeiting, information encryption, sensing, light‐emitting diodes, and biomedicine. Finally, the remaining major challenges for RTP CDs are discussed and new opportunities in the future are proposed.
With recent advances in resolution and field-of-view, spatially resolved sequencing has emerged as a cutting-edge technology that provides a technical foundation for interpreting large tissues at the spatial single-cell level. To handle the high-resolution spatial omics dataset with associated images and generate spatial single-cell level gene expression, a powerful one-stop toolbox is required. Here, we propose StereoCell, an image-facilitated cell segmentation framework for high-resolution and large field-of-view spatial omics. StereoCell offers a comprehensive and systematic solution to generating high-confidence spatial single-cell data, including image stitching, registration, nuclei segmentation, and molecule labeling. In image stitching and molecule labeling, StereoCell delivers the best-performing algorithms to reduce stitching error and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of single-cell gene expression compared to existing methods. Meanwhile, as demonstrated using mouse brain, StereoCell has been shown to obtain high-accuracy spatial single-cell data, which facilitates clustering and annotation.
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