Background and purpose: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active tissue located on the surface of the myocardium, which might have a potential impact on cardiac function and morphology. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether EAT is associated with essential arterial hypertension (AH) in children and adolescents. Methods: Prospective cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study and clinical evaluation were performed on 72 children, 36 of whom were diagnosed with essential AH, and the other 36 were healthy controls. The two groups were compared in volume and thickness of EAT, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, average heart mass, average LV myocardial thickness, peak filling rate, peak filling time and clinical parameters. Results: Hypertensive patients have a higher volume (16.5 ± 1.9 cm3 and 10.9 ± 1.5 cm3 (t = −13.815, p < 0.001)) and thickness (0.8 ± 0.3 cm and 0.4 ± 0.1 cm, (U = 65.5, p < 0.001)) of EAT compared to their healthy peers. The volume of EAT might be a potential predictor of AH in children. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the volume of EAT is closely associated with hypertension in children and adolescents.
We study the connection between STFT multipliers A g1,g2 1⊗m having windows g 1 , g 2 , symbols a(x, ω) = (1 ⊗ m)(x, ω) = m(ω), (x, ω) ∈ R 2d , and the Fourier multipliers T m2 with symbol m 2 on R d . We find sufficient and necessary conditions on symbols m, m 2 and windows g 1 , g 2 for the equality1⊗m . For m = m 2 the former equality holds only for particular choices of window functions in modulation spaces, whereas it never occurs in the realm of Lebesgue spaces. In general, the STFT multiplier A g1,g2 1⊗m , also called localization operator, presents a smoothing effect due to the so-called two-window short-time Fourier transform which enters in the definition of A g1,g21⊗m . As a by-product we prove necessary conditions for the continuity of anti-Wick operators A g,g 1⊗m : L p → L q having multiplier m in weak L r spaces. Finally, we exhibit the related results for their discrete counterpart: in this setting STFT multipliers are called Gabor multipliers whereas Fourier multiplier are better known as linear time invariant (LTI) filters.
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