BackgroundThe insertion element IS630 found in Aeromonas salmonicida belongs to the IS630-Tc1-mariner superfamily of transposons. It is present in multiple copies and represents approximately half of the IS present in the genome of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida A449.ResultsBy using High Copy Number IS630 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (HCN-IS630-RFLP), strains of various subspecies of Aeromonas salmonicida showed conserved or clustering patterns, thus allowing their differentiation from each other. Fingerprints of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida showed the highest homogeneity while ‘atypical’ A. salmonicida strains were more heterogeneous. IS630 typing also differentiated A. salmonicida from other Aeromonas species. The copy number of IS630 in Aeromonas salmonicida ranges from 8 to 35 and is much lower in other Aeromonas species.ConclusionsHCN-IS630-RFLP is a powerful tool for subtyping of A. salmonicida. The high stability of IS630 insertions in A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida indicates that it might have played a role in pathoadaptation of A. salmonicida which has reached an optimal configuration in the highly virulent and specific fish pathogen A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.
We propose a co-authored, interdisciplinary paper examining the durability of Islamophobic stereotypes connected to men from the MENA region and their specific forms of “manliness”. We argue that European notions of “Oriental” manliness — covering all ethnic and religious groups from this region — were strangely homogenized and static: the colonized “Oriental” manliness was constructed as the “primitive” counterpart to an idealized form of European masculinity. The significant markers of “Oriental” manliness, as defined in the 19th century, were still essentially the same in the 1960s, when Frantz Fanon wrote that his contemporaries had solidified (but not founded) the idea of North African men as “born slackers, born liars, born thieves, born criminals”.1 The events in Cologne on New Year's Eve 2015 went viral worldwide. Right-wing groups felt vindicated when the public discourse seemed to confirm their narrative of North African, sexually uncontrolled men. A lot of the media coverage following the events in Cologne overlapped with right-wing (and colonial) notions of wild North African men, who are in Europe in order to sexually threaten the white female body. Following the assaults in Cologne, this anxiety was not just limited to women in Germany, but extended across much of Europe. To analyze this alleged durability, we propose to divide our paper into a historical part, which will give a short overview over the formulaic metaphors, images and knowledge production of colonized “Oriental” manliness. In our contemporary analyses, we will trace the harmful longevity of these colonial stereotypes, from the Victorian epoch to the sensationalist reports following the recent incidents in Cologne. We will use pictures from German (and other European) public media depicting the incidents in Cologne and analyze how they reproduced the longstanding anti-Muslim-racist stereotypical image of and knowledge on the North African masculine subject.
Objective To evaluate the effect of a romifidine infusion on antinociception and sedation, and to investigate its relationship to plasma concentration. Study design Prospective, experimental, non-randomized trial. Animals Ten healthy adult warmblood horses. Methods Romifidine (loading dose: 0.08 mg kg-1 , infusion: 0.03 mg kg-1 hour-1) was administered intravenously (IV) over 120 minutes. Romifidine plasma concentrations were determined by capillary electrophoresis. Sedation quality and nociceptive thresholds were evaluated at regular time points before, during and after romifidine administration. The nociceptive RIII reflex was elicited by electrical stimulation at the thoracic limb using a dedicated threshold tracking algorithm and recorded by electromyography at the deltoid muscle. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was established and correlation between romifidine plasma concentration and main output variables tested. Results A two compartmental model best described the romifidine pharmacokinetic profile. The nociceptive thresholds increased compared to baseline in all horses from 10 to 146 minutes after romifidine administration (p < 0.05). Peak effect reached 5.7 ± 2.3 times the baseline threshold. The effect/concentration relationship followed a counterclockwise hysteresis loop. The mean plasma concentration was weakly correlated to nociceptive thresholds (p < 0.01, = 0.392). The sedative effects were significant until 160 minutes but variable, not correlated to plasma concentration (p = 0.067), and weakly correlated to nociceptive thresholds (p < 0.01, = 0.33).
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