Pulasan (<em>Nephelium ramboutan-ake</em>) is a species of <em>Sapindaceae</em> which has hermaphrodite and staminate flowers on different trees. Morphological flower structures and pollination types of the pulasan fruit tree have not previously been reported thoroughly. This study was undertaken to observe the reproductive structure of flowers, and to examine its correlation with pulasan pollination type. A total of 67 hermaphrodite and 14 male trees of pulasan were observed. Some hermaphrodite inflorescences were covered using cloth bags for between four and six weeks to calculate number of fruit, and to determine their pollination system. The number of individual flowers per inflorescence on male pulasan trees was higher than for hermaphrodite ones. Panicles and spikes were found on both types of pulasan inflorescence. Flowers having four sepals was the commonest structure in both flower types. However, five stamens were commonly found in hermaphrodite flowers, while male flowers often had six. In general, stigma were curved in shape, with modification in some flowers. Anther of hermaphrodite pulasan flowers naturally never open, although their pollen is viable, so there is a mechanical barrier for self-pollination. It was concluded that pulasan tends to be an allogamous plant.
Stingless bees forage to the flower for nectar and at the same time, pollen also trapped in the body hairs of the bees. Mostly pollen was concentrated into the pollen basket and transferred to the pollen and honey pot in the stingless bee nest. Pollen is male gametophytes of seed plants which have various of shapes, sizes, and ornamentations. This palynology study was aimed to identify the plants of pollen source that were found in honey of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula laeviceps in Belitung and to analyze characteristics of the pollen. Pollen was extracted from honey and conducted the acetolysis and identification of the pollen in honey. We found 11 and 19 plant species as pollen soirce in the honey of H. itama and T. laeviceps, respectively. Pollen from Macaranga tanarius (23.72%) and Cocos nucifera (22.53%) were the two most dominant species on the H. itama honey. Pollen from Ageratum conyzoides (16.36%) are most often found in T. laeviceps honey. The most common pollen in honey of H. itama and T. laeviceps were from Arecaceae with a total of three species. Pollen from plants with tree habitus is most commonly found in honey of both species of stingless bees.
Epiphytic ferns can be found in host trees from the Angiosperm and Gymnosperm groups. Epiphytic ferns in Angiosperm plants host have been widely studied, but there is little known for Gymnosperm plants host. The aim of this study was to identify the species of epiphytic ferns in the Gymnosperm plants host at Cibodas Botanical Garden and to analyze the diversity of epiphytic ferns based on microclimate conditions and the surface texture of Gymnosperms plants host. Epiphytic ferns diversity data was obtained using purposive random sampling method. Factors that influence the occupancy of ferns are analyzed using Principal Component Analysis. Epiphytic ferns in Gymnosperm host at Cibodas Botanical Garden were identified as 18 species including 7 family. The most dominant species of epiphytic fern is Davallia denticulata (59.45%). Diversity of epiphytic fern on Gymnosperm at Cibodas Botanical Garden is moderate (H’ = 1.81).
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