Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual’s ability to perceive proprioceptive information, i.e., the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system, that originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors of the skin. Proprioceptive accuracy appears an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning; however, no widely accepted standard assessment exists. In this systematic review, our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy. A literature search was conducted in five different databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect and SpringerLink). Overall, 1139 articles reporting 1346 methods were included in this review. The methods measure eight different aspects of proprioception, i.e., the perception of joint position, movement, trajectory, velocity and the sense of force, muscle tension, weight and size. They apply various paradigms of psychophysics (i.e. the method of adjustment, constant stimuli and limits). The appropriate measurement method should be chosen based on theoretical considerations or ecological validity.
Irradiation of 1-(1-benzocyclobutenylidene)benzocyclobutene gives indenoindene and its head-to-head photodimer nonacyclo[9.7.7.72,10.01,11.02,10.03,8.012,17.019,24.026,31]dotriaconta-3,5,7,12,14,16,19,21,23,26,28,30-dodecaene, C32H24. The molecule is built from four essentially planar indane units attached to an elongated cyclobutane ring. In the crystal, C—H...π interactions connect molecules into layers parallel to the bc plane.
Purpose: Previous studies investigating the effectiveness of exergame balance-training (using videogames) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) yielded inconsistent results that could be related to underpowered studies. Therefore, in this multicenter intervention study, we investigated whether exergaming improves balance clinically in spastic CP. Materials and methods: In total, 35 children with unilateral or bilateral spastic CP (GMFCS-level I-II) were included (age-range: 7-16 years); 16 at VUMC (trial: NTR6034), 19 at UHG (trial: NCT03219112). All participants received care as usual. The intervention group (n ¼ 24) additionally performed exergametraining; 6-8 weeks home-based X-box One Kinect training focused on balance. Balance performance was assessed with the pediatric balance scale (PBS) and two subscales of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2nd edition ("balance" [BOTbal] and "running speed and agility" [BOTrsa]). Mixed model ANOVAs with between and within factors were used to test differences between and within groups.Results: On group level, no post-intervention differences were found between the intervention and control group (PBS:248, g p 2 ¼ 0.040; BOTbal: p ¼ 0.374, g p 2 ¼ 0.024; BOTrsa: p ¼ 0.841, g p 2 ¼ 0.001). Distribution of CP-symptoms (unilateral versus bilateral) did not affect training (PBS: p ¼ 0.373, g p 2 ¼ 0.036; BOTbal: p ¼ 0.127, g p 2 ¼ 0.103; BOTrsa: p ¼ 0.474, g p 2 ¼ 0.024). Children with low baseline balance performance (based on PBS) in the intervention group showed improvements in balance performance after training (PBS: p ¼ 0.003, g p 2 ¼ 0.304; BOTbal: p ¼ 0.008, g p 2 ¼ 0.258), whereas children with high baseline balance performance did not. Conclusions: This exergame-training resulted in balance improvements for the current population of CP that had a low baseline function.ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Exergame-training (training using video-games) shows mixed results in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Children with spastic CP (GMFCS level I-II) with a high baseline balance-level did not show functional balance improvements after this home-based exergame-training, suggesting that these children should not be enrolled in this type of exergame-training protocol. Children with spastic CP (GMFCS level I-II) with a low baseline balance-level showed clinically relevant functional balance improvements after this home-based exergame-training, suggesting that these children can benefit from enrolment in this type of exergame-training protocol to improve their balance. The distribution of CP-symptoms did not affect the effectiveness of this balance exergame-training in children with spastic CP with GMFCS-level I and II.
Disparities in childhood obesity prevalence by race/ethnicity remain high. Physical activity is an important factor to consider, however little is known about how physical activity resources in the home environment and neighborhood differ by race/ethnicity. This study examines the physical activity environments in the homes and neighborhoods of diverse households using both quantitative and qualitative data. Home visits were conducted with 150 families, and accelerometry data was collected for both parents and children (5-7 years old). Qualitative interviews were also conducted with parents, which provided context to quantitative data. Racial/ethnic differences were found for physical activity, sedentary behavior, and family-level resources for physical activity ( P < .05). There were also differences by race/ethnicity in neighborhood physical activity promoters and perceived lack of neighborhood safety ( P < .05). This study is important in informing providers and future interventions of the varying promoters and barriers to optimal physical activity that exist across race/ethnicity.
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