Crevasse‐squeeze ridges (CSRs) are landforms that have been unequivocally linked to surge‐type glaciers. The formation of CSRs has been discussed since they were first defined in the mid‐1980s. Here, we describe geometric CSR networks from the terrestrial glacier forefields of two glaciers in Trygghamna, Western Svalbard. No glacier surges have been observed in Trygghamna; however, the presence of the CSRs signifies past surge activity. Detailed geomorphological maps were constructed, and the spatial context of these landforms described. Cross‐sections of several CSRs highlight ridge architecture, structure and relationships to surrounding landforms and sediments. Most CSRs are symmetrical in cross‐profile, orientated perpendicular or oblique to the ice‐flow direction. Like previous investigations, we observe these ridge networks on top of till and flutes. Additionally, we, for the first time, document CSRs deposited directly on non‐glaciogenic subsurfaces, namely, beach gravels and bedrock. Our findings confirm previous CSR formation theories; basal sediments are squeezed into bottom‐up crevasses during surges, which are subsequently transported englacially until surge termination and are finally released by melt out from stagnant ice. Consequently, a network of CSRs is the product of a significant reorganisation and down‐glacier transport of basal sediment, exemplifying how single surges are agents of glacial sediment redistribution. These formation processes are illustrated in a refined schematic model. The results further contemporary understanding of CSRs in terrestrial surge‐type glacier settings and may also apply to landforms and sediments in certain marine settings and palaeoglacial environments.
Drumlins are important bedforms of former glaciated landscapes as they demonstrate past ice‐flow directions and elucidate processes that operated at the ice/bed interface. Recently mapped drumlins and other streamlined subglacial bedforms in northeast Iceland reveal the flow‐sets of cross‐cutting palaeo‐ice streams that were active within the Iceland Ice Sheet (IIS) during and following the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we study the Bustarfell drumlin field within the Vopnafjörður–Jökuldalsheiði flow‐set. The internal architecture of two drumlins was investigated using sedimentological analysis and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR, 50 and 100 MHz) to illuminate subglacial processes that contributed to drumlin formation, as well as the history and dynamics of the IIS. On the stoss side of one of the drumlins, two subglacial traction till units were identified, separated by a thick unit of deformed glaciofluvial sand and gravel. The core of glaciofluvial material suggests that the drumlin formed around well‐drained patches (sticky spots) in the subglacial bed that retarded the ice flow locally through increased basal drag and encouraged till deposition. Furthermore, our GPR data indicate a combination of erosional and depositional processes. We suggest that the glaciofluvial sediments were deposited as small ice‐marginal fans on the Bustarfell plateau, possibly during the Bølling–Allerød interstadial, and that the drumlins were formed around these fans during a subsequent readvance during the Younger Dryas.
<p>Both modern and palaeo ice streams experience shut down which has critical implications for their mass balance and influence on relative sea level rise. Reconstructions of palaeo-ice streams have mainly focused on their phase of active flow but less is understood of their shutdown and style of deglaciation. Mapping of streamlined subglacial bedforms (SSBs), including drumlins and mega scale glacial lineations (MSGLs), in NE-Iceland reveals cross-cutting flow-sets of palaeo-ice streams within the Iceland Ice Sheet (IIS) during and following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here we map geometrical ridges (linear and reticular) in the Bakkafl&#243;i and &#222;istilfj&#246;r&#240;ur areas and combine the morphological data with sedimentological analyses to increase our understanding of the dynamics of the IIS in NE-Iceland. We interpret the ridges as crevasse-squeeze ridges (CSRs), based on their interconnected network, primary orientation transverse and/or oblique to former ice flow, and internal composition of homogenous subglacial till. In both areas, the CSRs are superimposed on the SSBs, indicating that they post-date the formation of the SSBs and signify the waning stage of ice streaming associated with the readvance of the IIS during the Younger Dryas period. The preservation of the CSRs suggests ice stagnation following the readvance and ice stream shutdown. The morphological variance of the CSRs between the flow-sets may indicate different spatial-setting within the ice streams; the linear CSRs in Bakkafl&#243;i formed further upstream (dominated by extensional forces parallel to ice flow). Comparatively, the reticular CSRs in &#222;istilfj&#246;r&#240;ur are more characteristic of the down-ice region (effected by mixed mode of transverse and longitudinal forces), proximal to the ice margin or piedmont. Future research reconstructing past glacial behaviour and ice dynamics would benefit from high-resolution bathymetric data from the adjoining shelf as well as enhanced geochronological constraints.</p>
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