Background Family structures are diversifying in the United States, and more same‐sex female couples are building families. For two‐mother families, complexity exists for breastfeeding as more than one mother can provide human milk. The purpose of this study was to explore the lactation experience and level of lactation support of birth mothers in a same‐sex (two female) relationship. Methods This study consists of a mixed methods design using an online survey to identify the demographic of same‐sex mothers and qualitative interviews to provide an in‐depth understanding of the mothers' experiences. Qualitative content analysis is applied to develop themes from the interviews. Results Sixty‐eight participants completed the online survey. Thirty‐seven mothers (59%) reported breastfeeding for more than one year. Fourteen (21%) respondents reported accessing induced lactation information for the nongestational parent from their health care practitioner. Forty‐three (63%) respondents reported receiving breastfeeding and induced lactation information from other sources. Only nine (13%) nongestational parents underwent induced lactation. Eighteen gestational mothers participated in qualitative interviews. Five themes emerged from the qualitative data: (a) committed to a year, (b) deciding “how to do it,” (c) sources of information, (d) involvement of partner, and (e) need for inclusive and educated health care practitioners. Conclusions Same‐sex mothers have strong intentions to breastfeed and are resourceful in educating themselves for induced lactation and conursing. Nongestational parents are essential support partners and equivalent in motherhood. Providers need to better equip themselves and incorporate inclusive language in breastfeeding policy statements to support lactation outcomes.

Aims: To examine whether the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide could be used in juvenile male and female rats as an anti-obesity/diabetic pharmaceutical to prevent not only adolescent obesity/hyperglycaemia, but also early-adult onset obesity. Material and Methods: Pregnant dams were fed either standard chow or a high-fat, highsucrose diet (HFSD) from gestational day 2, throughout pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were weaned onto the respective maternal diet. Juveniles received daily subcutaneous injection of liraglutide (50 μg/kg, from postnatal day [PND]30 to PND40 and 200 μg/kg from PND40 to PND60) or vehicle. Food intake, body weight and glycaemic levels were evaluated across the experimental period.Results: Chronic liraglutide administration in juveniles prevented body weight gain in males and retained a normoglycaemic profile in both male and female rats.Conclusion: These preclinical data suggest that maternal and early-life consumption of an HFSD increases caloric intake, body weight gain and hyperglycaemia, a collective set of unwanted metabolic effects that appear to be treatable in juveniles with liraglutide pharmacotherapy intervention. K E Y W O R D Sanimal pharmacology, GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide, neuropharmacology

Investigation of the needs of same-sex mothers practicing lactation is limited in the nursing literature. The heteronormative structure of the healthcare system has stigmatized these postpartum women and minimized the level of nursing care provided. Case reports demonstrate that same-sex mothers value inclusivity and understanding of their healthcare needs that is missing in healthcare settings. Perinatal nurses must listen attentively and think critically about their words and actions to avoid inappropriate judgments when providing care to this population. Active engagement and ongoing competence education builds the foundation that will provide perinatal nurses the knowledge they need to best support the unique needs of same-sex mothers in their lactation experience.

Background The prevalence of adolescent obesity has increased dramatically, becoming a serious public health concern. While previous evidence suggests that in utero-and early postnatal overnutrition increases adult-onset obesity risk, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this outcome are not well understood. Non-neuronal cells play an underestimated role in the physiological responses to metabolic/nutrient signals. Hypothalamic glial-mediated inflammation is now considered a contributing factor in the development and perpetuation of obesity; however, attention on the role of gliosis and microglia activation in other nuclei is still needed. Methods/results Here, we demonstrate that early life consumption of high-fat/sucrose diet (HFSD) is sufficient to increase offspring body weight, hyperleptinemia and potentially maladaptive cytoarchitectural changes in the brainstem dorsal-vagalcomplex (DVC), an essential energy balance processing hub, across postnatal development. Our data demonstrate that preand postnatal consumption of HFSD result in increased body weight, hyperleptinemia and dramatically affects the nonneuronal landscape, and therefore the plasticity of the DVC in the developing offspring. Conclusions Current findings are very provocative, considering the importance of the DVC in appetite regulation, suggesting that HFSD-consumption during early life may contribute to subsequent obesity risk via DVC cytoarchitectural changes.