out that by including salinity effects, the flow patterns differ from those of a purely 18 thermal regime because heavy brines dampen upward buoyant flow and convective 19 cells. Accordingly, the fault permeability had to be increased to restore a good fit 20 with the measured temperatures. This further supports the hypothesis that the high 21 temperature gradient in the LYG is likely due to fractures or faults in that area. The 22 thermohaline simulations also suggest that the derivatives of relic seawater brines 23 2 are the major source of salinity. Deep brines leaching salt diapirs cannot reach the 24 surface. However, the presence of local shallower salt bodies below the lake can 25 potentially contribute to the salinity of the western spring and well waters, though 26 in very small amount. This is in agreement with geochemical data according to which 27 the major source of the brines of the Tiberias basin represents seawater 28 evaporation brines. Besides being of importance for understanding the 29 hydrogeological processes that salinize Lake Tiberias, the presented simulations 30 provide a real-case example illustrating large-scale fluid patterns due to only one 31 source of buoyancy (heat) and those that are additionally coupled to salinity. 32
Element ratios and water stable isotopes reveal the presence of only two independent deep brines in the Kinnarot Basin, Israel: the evaporite dissolution brine of Zemah‐1 and the inferred Ha’on mother brine (HMB) with low and high Br/Cl ratios, respectively. HMB is considered to be a representative of the Late Pliocene evaporated Sedom Sea. The freshwater‐diluted evaporation brine emerges as Ha’on brine on the eastern shore of Lake Tiberias and is also identified in the pore water of lake sediments. HMB is converted into Tiberias mother brine (TMB) by dolomitization of limestones and alteration of abundant volcanic rocks occurring along the western side of the lake. The Ha’on and Tiberias brines, both characterized by high δD and δ18O values, are similar in Na/Cl and Br/Cl ratios but are dissimilar in Br/K ratios because these brines were subjected to different degrees of interactions with rocks and sediments. Excepting the brine from KIN 8, all brines from the Tabigha area including the nearby off‐shore Barbutim brine are related to the TMB. The brine KIN 8 and all brines from the Fuliya and Hammat Gader areas are related to the HMB. The brine encountered in wildcat borehole Zemah‐1 is generated by halite‐anhydrite/gypsum dissolution and is independent from the HMB system.
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