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Objective: To determine the knowledge of undergraduate students of Sindh Medical College regarding Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at Sindh Medical College, Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SMC-JSMU). The participants were students of 3rd year, 4th year and 5th year M.B.B.S. The sample size was calculated to be 282, using open EPI software. The data was collected through a scientifically designed questionnaire which included questions about the over all knowledge, risk factors, complications, diagnosis, treatment, methods of prevention, and WHO criteria of Diabetes Mellitus. SPSS version 22.0 was used for data analysis. Results: About 275 (98%) students had knowledge of the site of insulin production and 255 (90%) knew exactly how insulin produces its effects. Regarding the clinical presentation of DM, 262 (93%) of them agreed that hunger, thirst, and urination present as the major symptoms of this disease (p=0.005). Family history was considered as the prime risk factor by 93 (98%), 83 (95%) and 86 (86%) of final year, fourth, and third year students respectively (p=0.003). Furthermore, 254 (90%) selected retinopathy (p=0.00), 239 (85%) preferred nephropathy (p=0.003) and 224 (79%) considered neuropathy (p=0.024) as the most significant complication of DM. Moreover, the recall of the WHO diagnostic criteria for DM was comparatively lower in final year students (p=0.003). Conclusion: The over all knowledge of undergraduate medical students of Sindh Medical College was found to be satisfactory. Most of the students considered medical education as an adequate source of knowledge in this regard. However, capability of diagnosing DM was found to be comparatively low among final year M.B.B.S. students.

This study was carried out to determine the distribution of the weeds in two important cash crops of Pakistan along with their distribution pattern in research area. Total of 56 weed species was recorded belonging to 23 plant families by the quadrat method with random sampling in wheat and potato fields of seven different villages from Tehsil Sharqpur Sharif, Punjab, Pakistan. A multivariate technique, Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN), using PC-ORD (Version-6.22) classified the weeds into groups and associations. The dominant weed communities were Cichorium-Euphorbia- Cyperus community, Chenopodium-Digera-Fumaria weed community, Poa- Chenopodium-Coronopus weed community, Parthenium-Euphorbia-Veronica weed community, Euphorbia-Achyranthes-Brassica community and Setaria-Polypogon- Solanum community. Phytodiversity of weeds found in this study, remarkably indicated the variable distribution pattern of weeds in both the crop fields. Moreover, communities of weeds emerged can be helpful in better planning of the weed management in crop fields. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(1): 233-240, 2021 (June)

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Category: Trauma; Sports Introduction/Purpose: Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is known to exert multi-directional biological effects favouring tendon healing. However, conclusions drawn by numerous studies on its clinical efficacy for acute Achilles tendon rupture are limited. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate this and to compare to those without PRP treatment. Methods: The Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, Pubmed, Medline and Embase were used and assessed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria with the following search terms: ('plasma' OR 'platelet-rich' OR 'platelet-rich plasma' or 'PRP') AND ('Achilles tendon rupture/tear' OR' calcaneal tendon rupture/tear' OR 'tendo calcaneus rupture/tear'). Data pertaining to biomechanical outcomes (heel endurance test, isokinetic strength, calf- circumference and range of motion), patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and incidence of re-ruptures were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed for same outcomes measured in at least three studies. Pooled outcome data were analysed by random and fixed-effects models. Results: After abstract and full-text screening, 6 studies were included. In total there were 510 patients of which 256 had local PRP injection and 254 without. The average age was41.6 years, mean time from injury to treatment 5.9 days and mean follow-up at 61 weeks. Biomechanically, there was similar heel endurance, isokinetic strength, calf circumference and range of motion between both groups. In general, there were no differences in patient reported outcomes from all scoring systems used in the studies. Both groups returned to their pre-injured level at a similar time and there were no differences on the incidence of re- rupture (OR 1.13, 95% CI, 0.46 to 2.80, p = 0.79). Conclusion: PRP injections for acute Achilles tendon ruptures do not improve medium to long-term biomechanical and clinical outcomes. However, future studies incorporating the ideal application and biological composition of PRP are required to investigate its true clinical efficacy.

Background: Reconstruction is the gold standard treatment for medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) injuries. However, recent studies show a successful and renewed interest in direct suture repair, particularly in young athletes. Repair augmentation with a suture tape may provide greater stability, enabling healing of the MUCL while protecting the repair at higher valgus loads. Purpose: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on whether MUCL repair with augmentation provides a similar biomechanical profile to the traditional MUCL reconstruction. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: The Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, PubMed, Medline, and Embase were used to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria with the following search terms: (“ulnar collateral ligament” OR “medial ulnar collateral ligament”) AND (“internal brace” OR “augmentation” OR “suture tape”). Data pertaining to certain biomechanical properties (gap formation, failure to torque [ultimate load to failure], stiffness, degree of valgus opening, and modes of failure) were extracted. The pooled outcome data were analyzed by random- and fixed-effects models. A total of 203 abstracts were identified through the aforementioned databases. Results: After abstract and full-text screening, 6 biomechanical studies were included. All were on cadaveric elbows, with 53 repairs with augmentation and 53 reconstructions compared. There were no differences between the 2 in regard to ultimate load to failure (standard mean difference [SMD], –0.34 N·m; 95% CI, –1.36 to 0.68; P = .51) and rotational stiffness (SMD, 0.26; 95% CI, –1.14 to 1.66; P = .72). Despite a trend in resistance to gapping with augmented repair, this was not significant (SMD, –0.53; 95% CI, –1.08 to 0.01; P = .06). Augmented repairs were more likely to fail by pullout or at the suture-tendon/anchor-suture interface (odds ratio [OR], 12.19; 95% CI, 4.17 to 35.62; P < .00001), while failure by fracture was more common with reconstruction (OR, 5.75; 95% CI, 2.07 to 15.99; P = .0008). Conclusion: MUCL augmented repair establishes the required time-zero structural properties without the need for a tendon graft. However, future clinical studies are necessary to determine its true effectiveness as well as its success at higher levels of professional sport.

In this paper, we aim to find novel forms of wave structures by employing some innovative ideas. Various solitary wave solutions of the Zhiber–Shabat equation have been extracted using the Lie symmetry analysis and the extended direct algebraic method. In the mathematical community, the considered model has several applications, notably in integral quantum field theory, fluid dynamics, and kink dynamics. First of all, the Lie symmetry has been used to determine the corresponding similarity reductions through similarity variables and wave transformation with the help of optimal systems. Afterward, the method described has been used to create new complex, hyperbolic, rational, and trigonometric forms of solutions to the problem. Depending on the strength of the propagating pulse, these solutions reflect dark, bright, kink-type, and periodic solitary wave envelopes. Further, two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), as well as contour 2D graphics of the results have been analyzed by giving some specific values to parameters. At last, sensitivity analysis of the evolution equation has been observed.

Sports and exercise are beneficial in terms of physical and psychological wellbeing of not only able-bodied but also for disabled ones. This notion is supported by the fact that sports became an integral component of rehabilitation in a center at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital after World War II that eventually gave birth to the Paralympic Games. The ultimate desire of amputees to partake in high activity sports led to the development of sports specific prosthesis with greater functional advantage over nonspecific ones. But the amputees tend to develop several skin and musculoskeletal complications ascribed to socket prosthesis which can be overcome by osseointegrated implants at the expense of high incidence of superficial infections about the stoma. Further, robotic technology is bringing revolution in the field of prostheses.