Introduction: Bioaerosols are one of major sources of hospital-acquired infections (HAI's) that can pose serious health implications to the patients, health care workers and visitors in the hospitals across the world. Methodology: In this study, the molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of bioaerosols collected from Orthopedic Wards (OW) and Orthopedic Emergency Rooms (OER) of six hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan was done to investigate their diversity and genetic relatedness. Moreover, the role of different ventilation practices (i.e., centrally air-conditioned and non-central air-conditioned) in determining bioaerosols load was evaluated by using both culture and non-culture based (Flow cytometry) approaches. Results: The molecular characterization based on 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis of frequently recovered bacterial isolates showed 97-99% similarity to diverse sources i.e., air, soil and clinical strains isolated from various countries. The centrally air-conditioned hospitals had significantly lower levels of bioaerosols at most of the sites as compared to non- central air-conditioned hospitals. Conclusions: The molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences can be effective tool in identifying nature and evolution of bioaerosols, and can improve infection control and surveillance in hospitals. The observed levels of bioaerosols suggest hospitals equipped with central air conditioners have considerably more air hygiene compared to non-central air conditioning systems. These findings are imperative for informing policies on planning and implementation of infection control strategies in hospitals in resource limited settings.

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Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health concern that can cause both acute and chronic liver infection in humans and cause hepatitis B. The main purpose of our investigation was to show the changes in peripheral hematological parameters as a diagnostic biomarker in hepatitis B patients due to HBV compared to healthy controls. Methods: Blood samples from HBV patients already diagnosed by clinicians and healthy subjects were collected from various hospitals in Punjab. The complete blood count (CBC) test and t test were applied to these samples. Result: The hemoglobin (HB), hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of patients and controls showed great differences. The white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils in hepatitis B patients showed no association. Conclusion: Our primary results indicate a promising biomarker to monitor HBV infection by using information from hematological parameters. Further large cohort investigations are required for more accurate results.

Hypoalbuminemia is a clinical feature of COVID-19 which is caused by a multitude of processes in COVID-19, including acute liver damage (ALI), oxidative burst, viral-albumin binding, dysregulated immunological responses, and viral genome interference in the host cell, all of which lead to organ failure and patient mortality. We used a mechanistic approach to discuss a number of potential molecular mechanisms that cause hypoalbuminemia, as well as some effective treatment methods. As this study employs molecular approaches to characterize hypoalbuminemia, this work is promising in molecular medicine and drug development.