Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.

Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is associated with a high incidence of nasal pathology. Despite this fact, the influence of this disorder on the sense of smell is poorly understood. In this study, we administered a standardized 12-item odor identification test to 77 patients with three types of leprosy: tuberculoid (n = 9), borderline (n = 42), and lepromatous (n = 26). All three types exhibited significantly lower test scores than their respective age-, sex-, and smoking-habit-matched controls. Patients with lepromatous leprosy exhibited significantly lower test scores than those with the other two types. Only patients with lepromatous leprosy exhibited meaningful improvement in smell function after treatment. No association between disease duration, per se, and the severity of the olfactory deficit was present. Overall, 100% of the patients exhibited olfactory dysfunction, suggesting that earlier prevalence estimates based on nonstandardized olfactory testing have underestimated the prevalence of this problem.

CONTEXT:There is a lacuna of studies on Conduct Disorder (CD) in the Indian context. AIMS: (i) To identify the prevalence of CD in primary school children, (ii) To identify the gender difference in the prevalence of CD. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is a cross sectional study of school aged children selected from four different schools in Rewa district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred children aged between 6 and 11 years were selected from different four schools' in Rewa district after obtaining informed consent from their parents and the school authorities. The study was a two phase study. The presence of CD was assessed by using Rutter CBQ and those who were screened positive were subjected to DSM-IV-TR criteria for the final diagnosis.

Background: Tobacco related mortality and morbidity and increase in developing country like India. WHO projected till 2020 India will accounts 15% of tobacco related mortality especially preventable causes of death e.g. cardiovascular disease. Active tobacco smoking is undoubtedly major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but subjects use smokeless tobacco in dependence pattern is not extensively evaluated for cardiovascular risk factor. In India smokeless tobacco especially Khaini is major form of tobacco consumption. Scarcity of data on effects of smokeless tobacco in cardiovascular disease especially coronary artery disease major limiting factor for undermine the detailed evaluation of cardiovascular effects in smokeless tobacco dependence subjects. The aim of the study was to study the risk of coronary artery disease among smokeless tobacco dependence in comparison to tobacco dependence smokers.Methods: Cross-sectional assessments were done on 36 adults (>18 years), treatment-seeking patients with a ICD 10 diagnosis of Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of tobacco. Data was collected on socio-demographic characteristics, and after detailed clinical evaluation treadmill exercise test was done.Results: Mean age of tobacco dependence smokers 51.5±9.6 years vs 53.6±7.5 years. There were male predominant in study subjects and 38% subjects was treadmill test positive. Smokeless tobacco users had 35% positive treadmill test, and among Smokers 42% subjects was positive for treadmill test.Conclusions: Risk for latent coronary artery disease was similarly higher in smokers and smokeless tobacco dependence subjects.

Background: The efficacy of ketamine in the rapid alleviation of depressive and suicidal symptoms has been observed over the past few years around the globe. Exploration of rapid antisuicidal efficacy of ketamine in Indian subpopulation can be a good preventive pharmacological option for unprecedented rise in suicides in India. Aim: To assess efficacy of ketamine infusions on suicidal patients of depressive disorder. Severity of depression and suicidality were quantified daily over 1 week. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized control study, comprised sixty patients of age group 18–60 years, with a diagnosis of depressive episode, having the Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideations (MSSI) score >20 with exclusion of severe medical or surgical illness, pregnancy, and breast-feeding females. Patient were assigned to ketamine and normal saline group. Three infusions were given over 1 week on day 0, day 2, and day 4. Assessments were made at baseline using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) and MSSI, for depression and suicidality, respectively. Assessments were repeated at 6 h after first infusion and then every day for 1 week. Results: There were significant reductions in HAM-D17 score and MSSI score within 6 h of the first dose in the ketamine group as compared to the normal saline group. Significant sustained improvement was seen on further days till 1 week in the ketamine group as compared to the normal saline group. Conclusion: Ketamine might be a reasonable choice to fulfil the efficacy gap created by the delayed antisuicidal onset of standard treatments.

BACKGROUND:There is considerable lack of scientific estimate of depressive disorder among cancer patients in India. OBJECTIVES: (1) To associate the depressive disorders between the cervical cancer and breast cancer patients and (2) to compare the level of depression score among cervical and breast cancer patients, and with medically ill inpatient population with some other medical illnesses. SETTING AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional study at inpatient Department of Bharath Cancer Hospital and JSS Medical College Hospital, Mysore. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was conducted on admitted thirty breast and thirty cervical cancer inpatients in medical ward of JSS Hospital and Bharath Cancer Hospital, Mysore from December 2007 to august 2009. Data analysis was done for the both groups of cancer and with thirty control group of medically ill inpatient population with some other medical illnesses. Detailed psychological, sociodemographic characteristics were recorded in proforma specially designed for the study. Depression was assessed using MINI plus, HAMD scale and scoring was done. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics, Cross tabs procedure, repeated measure ANOVA statistical methods were carried out through the SPSS for Windows (version 16.0). RESULTS: Major depressive disorder was present in 16.7% of breast cancer and 23.3% of cervical cancer patients.. There was no significant association between type of cancer (Breast cancer and cervical cancer) and depressive disorder. Depression score was found high in cervical cancer cases compare to breast cancer cases though difference in these scores were not statistically significant in between two cancer groups. Depression score was high and significant in both cancer groups as compare to control group. CONCLUSION: Depression is more prevalent in cancer patients than in other several medical illneses and adequate knowledge is required for psychosocial interventions and designing programs aimed at improving the quality of life of cancer patients.

Mandibular osteochondromas, although rare, predominantly involve the condyloid and coronoid processes. An extremely rare case arising from the inner aspect of the gonion is reported here. Only one such case has been reported in the literature so far. Despite being very slow growing and having a benign course, histopathological examination showed reactive changes that may be confused with sarcomatous transformation. We advocate surgical excision using a combined external and internal approach followed by regular post-operative review. The relevant literature has been reviewed but various surgical approaches as advocated in the past have not been found suitable.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic which is described to have higher efficacy among all available antipsychotic medications. Clozapine is reserved especially for resistant schizophrenia due to its side effects. Clozapine-induced metabolic syndrome and hyperglycaemia are common long-term side effects and are responsible for increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia. In this case, a patient with resistant schizophrenia was presented with acute-onset hyperglycaemia and delirium with the use of clozapine within a week. Withdrawal of clozapine in the patient led to the improvement in delirium and hyperglycaemia without the use of any hypoglycaemic agent. This case supports the notion that in certain cases clozapine can induce hyperglycemia through possible direct pathophysiological mechanisms within a shorter time frame.