The Pb(II) and Ni(II) biosorption of a fungal biomass isolated from mine drainage of metal-processing industries in Balya (Balıkesir province, Turkey) was optimized using a response surface methodology by altering parameters such as pH, initial metal concentration, contact time and biosorbent dosage. This strain was shown to be highly similar to Penicillium sp. Furthermore, zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to understand the adsorption mechanism. A Box-Behnken design with 29 experiments was used to evaluate the interactions between independent variables. The results showed that the fungal biomass isolated from the metal mine drainage could have a significant environmental impact through the biosorption of Pb(II) and Ni(II) in waters polluted with heavy metals, particularly in the drainage from metal mines. The maximum removal values were 76 and 47 % at pH 4.5 for both Pb(II) and Ni(II), with 123 and 33 mg/L initial metal concentrations, 65 and 89 min contact times and 0.2 and 1.6 g/L biosorbent, respectively.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of nano-oil additives on the wear properties of AISI 4140 steel material. This paper also introduces an application of mixture design to the development of a new proportion formulation for nano-oil additives dispersed in engine oil (SAE10W) to enhance lubrication. A mixture design procedure was performed on the basis of design, modeling, optimization, and confirmation steps. Based on a simplex lattice design, a cubic model was established as a function of the nanoparticle fractions. The optimal proportions were obtained by considering the cross-sectional area of the wear profile. A 77.81% decrease compared to the base oil was obtained by using ZnO and carbon nanotubes.
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