Background This study aimed to evaluate the levels of total matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8), macrophage‐activating factors (MAF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), interleukin (IL)‐34 in saliva, and serum of periodontally healthy, periodontitis Stage III Grade B (P‐III‐B) and Grade C (P‐III‐C) participants and to compare the changes after non‐surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Methods A total of non‐smoker and systemically healthy 65 participants, 20 periodontally healthy, 20 P‐III‐B, and 25 P‐III‐C were recruited for the study. The periodontal parameters were recorded, saliva and serum samples were obtained from all participants at baseline. In periodontitis groups, the periodontal parameters were reevaluated, and the samples were recollected at 1 and 3 months following the NSPT. MMP‐8, MAF, MIP‐1α, M‐CSF, and IL‐34 levels were measured by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristics curve was performed for estimating the area under the curve (AUC). Results All periodontal parameters were improved in periodontitis groups after NSPT (P < 0.05). Among tested molecules, salivary MMP‐8 and MAF were higher in both periodontitis groups compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05) at baseline and significantly decreased after NSPT (P < 0.05) to healthy levels or below. Salivary MMP‐8 had the highest diagnostic ability both for P‐III‐B (AUC:0.78 sensitivity: 80%; specificity: 80%) and P‐III‐C (AUC:0.88 sensitivity: 88%; specificity: 80%). Moreover, after adjusting for age, periodontitis groups were associated with salivary MMP‐8 and MAF levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion The present study showed that high salivary MMP‐8 and MAF levels were associated with non‐smoker, systemically healthy P‐III‐B and P‐III‐C. Moreover, NSPT was remarkably reduced their levels.

Objective:The onset, severity and progression of periodontal diseases are mainly related to the inflammatory host response against periodontal pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-13, IL-21 and IL-33 levels in patients with stage III grade C periodontitis and compare it with periodontally healthy individuals.Methods: A total of 58 individuals, including 28 periodontally healthy and 30 stage III grade C periodontitis patients were included in this study. Periodontal parameters including plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level were measured. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients. Salivary interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-13, IL21, IL-33 levels were assessed using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay.Results: All clinical parameters were significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals (p<0.001). Elevated salivary IL-1β and IL-21 levels were found in the periodontitis group compared to healthy ones (p=0.009 and p<0.001, respectively). However, IL-13 and IL-33 levels were similar in both groups (p= 0.92). IL-1β was significantly correlated with both clinical and biochemical parameters but IL-21 was correlated with only clinical parameters. Conclusion:This study showed that elevated salivary IL-21 and IL-1β levels are associated with periodontitis and might be used as a marker for the diagnosis of periodontitis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on clinical parameters and the serum and saliva levels of RANKL, OPG, and IL-34 in periodontitis stage III grade C (III-C) patients after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Methods: A total of 60 subjects, 40 periodontitis-III-C patients (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) and 20 non-smoker periodontally healthy individuals, were included. All clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and unstimulated saliva and serum samples were collected from all patients at baseline, but at 1 and 3 months only from periodontitis patients (N=40). Saliva and serum levels of RANKL, OPG, and IL-34 were analyzed by ELISA. Results: At baseline only whole mouth probing depth (PD) and percent of sites with PD>5mm were higher in smokers than non-smoker periodontitis patients (p

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