This work investigates the feasibility of the coupled electrochemical (electrocoagulation/flotation) and physical processes such as sedimentation, sand filtration, and activated carbon for treatment of automotive service wastewater (ASWW). The impacts of critical parameters viz. pH solution (5-9), reaction time (30-90) and current intensity (1-2) on linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and phenol removal efficiencies as well as energy consumption and operating cost are studied. Central composite design (CCD) as a response surface methodology (RSM) is employed. The results reveal by increasing current intensity at low levels of pH, the phenol removal efficiency was increased significantly up to 95%. On the other hand, at pH 9.5 with current intensity of 1.5A, the highest removal efficiency of LAS was achieved with 98.5%. Moreover, at the optimum conditions, LAS and phenol removal efficiencies, energy consumption and operating cost are obtained 96.7%, 87.65%, 15.99 Wh, 0.001 US$, respectively. This process reveals a feasible technology for phenol and LAS removal from ASWW.

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Without a doubt during human life, the role of water in our life is the most vital. Water is necessary for human survival and other kind of existing ecosystems. Due to the increasing population and climate change of the earth, human societies need freshwater sources and conservation more than ever before. According to these rapid changes in the importance of water sources, positive actions by the United Nations (UNs) are increasing around the world. Regarding the dramatic increase in energy demand, especially in the water industry, water management plays a significant role in this industry, especially for urban areas. Hence, water management can be useful as a practical and applicable method to achieve energy sustainability and prevent water waste. The main objective of this study is to investigate the four influential indexes, including policy, economy, environment, social and most important indicators that have an impact on water management based on energy sustainability. A new way to achieve energy sustainability using appropriate indicators for water management is crucial, thus correct selection and how to implement them is essential. The result of this study shows, if energy experts and policymakers have a proper strategy and appropriate actions, can improve the situation of water management for megacities and urban areas.

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