The aim of this study is to apply a recently proposed model of motivation based on expectancy theory to site-based workers in construction and confirm the validity of this model for the construction industry. The study drew upon data from 194 site-based construction workers in Iran to test the proposed model of motivation. To this end, the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach based on the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique was deployed. The study reveals that the proposed model of expectancy theory incorporating five indicators (i.e. intrinsic instrumentality, extrinsic instrumentality, intrinsic valence, extrinsic valence and expectancy) is able to map the process of construction workers' motivation. Nonetheless, the findings posit that intrinsic indicators could be more effective than extrinsic ones. This proffers the necessity of construction managers placing further focus on intrinsic motivators to motivate workers.
This paper proposes a method that enables channel assignment distribution to be undertaken for wireless infrared ad hoc networking where the participant transceivers are equipped with directional LEDs. Multiple control handshake code signals are used for channel assignment and reassignment. By employing them at different unique carrier frequencies/channel, transmission with directional emitters reduces the interference between them. Co-channel interference, within one hop between the transceivers, can be hindered since different unique channels are assigned after the channel assignment takes place. This paper also discusses a proposed multiple channel MAC algorithm method based on our transceiver circuit design, and is fully controlled by microcontroller M16/C. By employing a MAC algorithm which enables the status of emitters and photodiodes at the transceiver to be either active or non active, two known popular problems in ad-hoc networking, the exposed and hidden terminal problems, can be fully resolved.
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