Temperature-responsive ionic liquids (ILs), their fundanmental behaviors, and catalytic applications were introduced, especially the concepts of upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and lower critical solution temperature (LCST). It is described that, during a catalytic reaction, they form a homogeneous mixture with the reactants and products at reaction temperature but separate from them afterward at ambient conditions. It is shown that this behavior offers an effective alternative approach to overcome gas/liquid-solid interface mass transfer limitations in many catalytic transformations. It should be noted that IL-based thermomorphic systems are rarely elaborated until now, especially in the field of catalytic applications. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review about thermomorphic mixtures of an IL with HO and/or organic compounds. Special focus is laid on their temperature dependence concerning UCST and LCST behavior, including systems with conventional ILs, metal-containing ILs, polymerized ILs, as well as the thermomorphic behavior induced via host-guest complexation. A wide range of applications using thermoregulated IL systems in chemical catalytic reactions as well as enzymatic catalysis were also demonstrated in detail. The conclusion is drawn that, due to their highly attractive behavior, thermoregulated ILs have already and will find more applications, not only in catalysis but also in other areas.

The fractionation of lignocellulose in its three main components, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose pulp can be achieved in a biphasic system comprising water and bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) as solvents and oxalic acid as catalyst at mild temperatures (up to 140°C). This so-called Organo-Cat concept relies on selective hemicellulose depolymerization to form an aqueous stream of the corresponding carbohydrates, whereas solid cellulose pulp remains suspended and the disentangled lignin is to a large extent extracted in situ with the organic phase. In the present paper, it is demonstrated that biomass loadings of 100 g L −1 can be efficiently fractionated within 3 h whereby the mild conditions assure that no significant amounts of by-products (e.g. furans) are formed. Removing the solid pulp by filtration allows to re-use the water and organic phase without product separation in repetitive batch mode. In this way, (at least) 400 g L −1 biomass can be processed in 4 cycles, leading to greatly improved biomass-to-catalyst and biomass-to-solvent ratios. Economic analysis of the process reveals that the improved biomass loading significantly reduces capital and energy costs in the solvent recycle, indicating the importance of process integration for potential implementation. The procedure was successfully scaled-up from the screening on bench scale to 3 L reactor. The feedstock flexibility was assessed for biomasses containing moderate-to-high hemicellulose content.

Active, selective, and stable: The combination of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a catalyst phase and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a mobile phase provides a “green” approach to the continuous‐flow aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols by catalytically active palladium nanoparticles (see scheme). The activity of the system even slightly increases with reaction time, because CO2 appears to improve the dispersion of the Pd particles in the PEG matrix.

Getting heavy: At temperatures as low as 50 °C, D2O can serve as a cheap and readily available deuterium source for the efficient deuteration of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates if nonclassical ruthenium hydride complexes are used as catalysts (see scheme). DFT calculations support a catalytic cycle comprising σ‐bond metathesis as the key step for the exchange processes.

The synthesis and characterisation of nonclassical ruthenium hydride complexes containing bidentate PP and tridentate PCP and PNP pincer‐type ligands are described. The mononuclear and dinuclear ruthenium complexes presented have been synthesised in moderate to high yields by the direct hydrogenation route (one‐pot synthesis) or in a two‐step procedure. In both cases [Ru(cod)(metallyl)2] served as a readily available precursor. The influences of the coordination geometry and the ligand framework on the structure, binding, and chemical properties of the MH2 fragments were studied by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, spectroscopic methods, and reactivity towards N2, D2, and deuterated solvents.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract