Since several years there has been a demand for food products free of palm oil, noticeable in the Western European market. Alternatives based on liquid oils, fully hydrogenated fats, and exotic fats like shea and sal etc., have been developed by the research groups of several specialty oils and fats suppliers. This article describes the advantages and disadvantages of those products and compares them to similar products based on palm oil. It is also discussed how reasonable the replacement of palm products would be, since sustainable and 3‐MCPD/glycidolester‐reduced palm based specialty oils are also available on the market.
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) peptide complexes can associate with lipid rafts, and this is a prerequisite for their recruitment to the immunological synapse and for efficient T cell stimulation. One of the most often used criterion for raft association is the resistance to extraction by the detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100) at low temperature. For MHC II, a variety of detergents have been used under different conditions, leading to variable and often conflicting conclusions about the association of MHC II with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). To clarify whether these inconsistencies were caused by variations in the isolation protocols or reflect different biochemical properties of MHC II lipid complexes, we used two standardized procedures for the isolation of membranes resistant to TX-100, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), or Brij 98. Our results suggest that some of the reported variations in the association of MHC II with DRMs are caused by differences in the methods. We also show that in our hands, specific and efficient flotation of MHC II and the MHC II-associated invariant chain from mouse B-lymphoma cells was only achieved with Brij 98, but not with TX-100 and CHAPS. We furthermore used DRMs prepared from hen egg lysozyme-fed B-lymphoma cells to activate the T cell hybridoma 3A9. In agreement with our biochemical data, T cell activation could only be achieved with Brij 98- but not with TX-100-resistant membranes. Thus, MHC II and also the invariant chain belong to a set of proteins comprising the T cell receptor, prominin, and the prion protein, which reside in membrane environments distinct from conventional lipid rafts.
ABSTRACT:The 3D reconstruction of historic buildings and cities offers an opportunity to experience the history of relevant objects and their development over the centuries. Digital visualisations of such historic objects allow for a more natural view of history as well as showing information that is not possible in a real world setting. New presentation forms, such as the virtual reality (VR) system HTC Vive, can be used to disseminate information in another dimension and simplify the access by changing the user's viewpoint from a listener and viewer into being an integrated part of an interactive situation. In general, this approach is a combination of education and entertainment, also known as "edutainment" or "gamification", a term used in the education sector as describing where motivation to learn is encouraged through adding a competitive element. It is thus a step away from simple consumption of information towards experiencing information and a more literal interpretation of "living history". In this contribution, we present the development of a 3D reconstruction of the two towns Segeberg and Gieschenhagen (today: Bad Segeberg) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany in the Early Modern Age around 1600. The historic landscape and its conversion from a reconstructed virtual town model into an interactive VR application is also described. The reconstruction is based on a recent digital terrain model as well as survey data of surviving buildings, historic visual information based on historic drawings and written accounts from that era. All datasets are combined to a single walkable virtual world that spans approximately 3 km².
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