The viruses that infect humans cause a huge global disease burden and produce immense challenge towards healthcare system. Glycoproteins are one of the major components of human pathogenic viruses. They have been demonstrated to have important role(s) in infection and immunity. Concomitantly high titres of antibodies against these antigenic viral glycoproteins have paved the way for development of novel diagnostics. Availability of appropriate biomarkers is necessary for advance diagnosis of infectious diseases especially in case of outbreaks. As human mobilization has increased manifold nowadays, dissemination of infectious agents became quicker that paves the need of rapid diagnostic system. In case of viral infection it is an emergency as virus spreads and mutates very fast. This review encircles the vast arena of viral glycoproteins, their importance in health and disease and their diagnostic applications.

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This paper presents a bond graph model of a free rail wheelset rolling on fleXible curved track, considering siX degrees of freedom without linearity approXimations. Modeling of engineering systems through bond graphs is based on eXchange of power amongst the basic elements of a system and several energy domains can be represented in a unified manner. In this paper, the modeling approach is based on creating subsystem bond graph models or capsules representing various analytical aspects of wheelset dynamics. The model is finally converted to a wheelset capsule, which can be further used for the development of truck and carbody models with suspension elements. The model can accommodate any creep force formulation for the rail—wheel contact forces. In this work, both Kalker's linear theory and heuristic modification based on non-linear formulation by Vermeulen and Johnson are used separately in a comparative study. Both these formulations allow the creep forces to be modeled by a non-linear bond graph R elements acted upon by the corresponding slip velocities between the wheel and track. Kinematic analysis of the wheelset is carried out to determine velocities of the contact points. The bond graph is created using software SYMBOLS 2000 and simulated for a set of parameter values.

An extensive investigation has been carried out to study structure-property characteristics and corrosion behavior in three varieties of thermomechanically treated (TMT) reinforcement bars (rebars) produced in an integrated steel plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Three experimental steel heats--one of plain-carbon and two of low-alloy chemistry--were chosen for the study. Of the two lowalloy heats, one was copper-bearing and the other contained both copper and chromium for improved corrosion resistance. Hot-rolled bars for each specific chemistry were subjected to in-line thermomechanical treatment, where quenching parameters were altered to achieve different yield strength levels.All the TMT rebars, regardless of chemistry and strength level, exhibited a composite microstructure consisting of ferrite-pearlite at the core and tempered martensite at the rim. Although a tendency toward formation of Widmanst/itten ferrite was evident in bars of 500 and 550 MPa yield strength levels, no adverse effect on their strength and ductility was observed. From the standpoint of mechanical properties, the rebars not only conformed to minimum yield strength requirements, but also exhibited high elongation values (21 to 28 %) and excellent bendability. Corrosion studies of both TMT and cold-twisted and deformed (CTD) rebars subjected to different laboratory tests indicated that corrosion resistance increased in this order: CTD, plain-carbon TMT, copper-bearing TMT, and copper/chromium-bearing TMT.

due to various types of surface defects, i.e. transverse and longitudinal cracks and surface entrapments from mould Rolled plates from continuously cast slabs at Bhilai powder origin. Of these, transverse cracking was of major Steel Plant have been frequently rejected due to the concern, since the average rejection of plates due to this was formation of irregular shaped fine surface cracks. more than 4%. These cracks used to appear as fine irregular These cracks originate from fine transverse cracks shaped surface cracks on the plates. Minor scarfing on the located below oscillation marks/surface depressions slab surface also revealed this defect. This clearly indicated of the cast slabs. The random occurrence of this that the origin of the transverse cracks was primarily from defect from heat to heat was of major concern to continuous casting. The principal features of this defect Bhilai Steel Plant where slabs are cast of special were: grades such as boiler, microalloying, and high (i) there is a wide variation in rejection level from heat tensile quality. The mechanism of formation of this to heat defect was identified through a detailed (ii) a high rejection heat is preceded or succeeded by metallographic study of defect bearing slabs and several zero rejection heats in the same sequence plates and analysis of rejection patterns with (iii) the occurrence of cracks were random in nature. respect to various important process parameters.Various investigators1-3 have outlined the reasons for trans-The crack formation mechanism was verified verse crack formation during continuous casting of slab and through a process perturbation trial. A defect control measures. The occurrence of transverse cracks could potential index was developed to explain the be both on the narrow side and/or at the corner of slabs.4,5 random occurrence of these cracks. The index Cracks may also be seen below the surface depression.6 incorporated parameters which influence crackThese cracks are perpendicular to the casting direction, and formation in the Bhilai casters. A significant can be seen below the oscillation marks. In general, transreduction in this type of cracking was observed, verse cracks form on the inner side of the strand surface in based on the recommendations made in this study a curved continuous caster having a single unbending point I&S/1559 between the curved region and straightening rolls.1 The above observations confirmed that the formation of trans-

Redox homoeostasis is necessary for the maintenance of living systems. Chikungunya viral infection manifests into joint inflammation and debilitating polyarthralgia affecting the life style of the patient badly. The disease pathophysiology is poorly understood and there is a lack of targeted therapeutics. The pathogenic role of free radicals in arthritis is well established. This study aims for the first time to evaluate the status of several standard oxidative stress markers and their correlation in chikungunya patients suffering with polyarthralgia. Expression of Siglec-9 on monocytes; which can modulate oxidative stress is studied along with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular lipid and protein damage markers in chikungunya patients with/without persisting polyarthralgia along with healthy controls. Furthermore, plasma NO level, antioxidant status was investigated along with some inflammatory cytokines namely IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL-9, IL-10 and TGFβ1. Interestingly, all oxidative damage markers are altered significantly in groups but their alteration levels vary in patients with/without persisting polyarthralgia. Siglec-9 expression level is increased in patients revealing cellular response to manage oxidative stress with respect to controls. Correlation studies reveal that intracellular ROS correlates well with most of the studied parameters but the correlation coefficient (Pearson r) differs with disease manifestation demonstrating strong role of these factors in a pro-oxidant milieu. The presence of free radicals increases the availability of neoantigens continuously, which possibly further cascades oxidative damage and development of persisting polyarthralgia.

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