The posterior cruciate ligament surgery invariably demands adequate posterior compartment visualisation and instrumentation. The addition of posteromedial (PM) portal during posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) surgeries remains essential. The further addition of one more proximal posteromedial (PM) portal further enhances the instrumentation including suture passage in the substance of PCL or screws insertion and more so obviates the need for trans-septal and posterolateral (PL) portals. This additional PM portal is created in the safe zone under direct visualisation utilising outside-in technique and is spaced to prevent crowding of instrument with arthroscope. The proximal higher PM portal serves as instrument portal and provides optimal trajectory for even arthroscopic screw fixation of PCL avulsion fractures.
Floating Knee is the term applied to the flail knee joint segment resulting from a fracture of the shaft or adjacent metaphysis of the ipsilateral femur and tibia The fractures range from simple diaphyseal to complex articular types. The word floating knee was introduced for the first time by Mc Bryde in 1965. The incidence of these injuries is increasing. They are associated with potentially life threatening injuries of the head, chest, and abdomen. Not less frequently these injuries cause infection, excessive blood loss, fat embolism, mal union, delayed or non-union, knee stiffness, prolonged hospitalization, and inability to bear weight. Malunion is one complication which drastically affects the functional outcome. Hence we tried to find the factors that may result in malunion more often than not which will help to prepare us in a more suitable manner in treating these injuries We analysed 30 cases of floating knee which were surgically treated regarding the pattern of injuries, type of injuries, closed/open, fixation methods, associated injuries, union rates, malunion and functional outcome. All cases were followed up to a minimum of 1 year. We found that malunion in a floating knee injury which was surgically treated drastically affected functional outcome. The mechanism of injury, type of fracture, open/closed injury, level of fracture whether diaphyseal or juxta articular or intraarticular, type of initial fixation all had a significant correlation with occurrence of malunion.
Background: Open fractures of tibial shaft are important for the reason that they are most commonly fractured long bone in the body & subcutaneous location of the anteromedial surface of the tibia makes their management controversial. The precarious blood supply and lack of soft tissue cover of the shaft of the tibia make these fractures vulnerable to delayed union, nonunion, malunion and infection. The treatment of tibial fractures has developed from a strictly non-operative to a variety of operative techniques. While reamed Intramedullary nailing offer improved stability of the fracture, their use carries a theoretical risk of infection and nonunion as a consequence of disturbing endosteal blood supply. Recent reports suggest that the reaming is safe for grade I, II and IIIA open fractures of tibia. Material & Method: A total of 25 patients presented to Father Muller Hospital, Mangalore from Jan'06 to July'07 with type I and II open tibial shaft fractures were included in the study and all cases underwent debridement within 6 hours of admission and treated with reamed intramedullary interlocking nailing. They were reviewed at every 2 weeks for 6 weeks and then monthly post operatively and x-rays were repeated at 6,12,24 weeks to check for fracture healing. The average duration of follow-up was 32 weeks. Functional results were graded according to criteria by klemm & borner. Result:The average time to union was 19.68 weeks. Type I united in 18.86 weeks as compared to 20.5 weeks for Type II fractures. The average range of motion in the knee joint was 135.6 degrees. Full ankle motion was observed in 19 patients. One patient showed a loss >25° of motion at ankle compared to normal side while 5 patients showed < 25 0 loss of joint motion. 92% patients achieved good or excellent results, fair results were obtained in one patient & in one patient functional results were poor. Conclusion: Anatomical & functional outcome of open tibial fractures type I and type II treated with reamed intramedullary interlocking nailing is excellent to good and it is safe and effective technique for the management of Gustilo type I and type II.
In Turbo machines, there are many components which are provided with interference to transmit torque and to maintain contact between them. There are transient scenarios where impeller and shaft lose interference and limits the speed of the impeller. In this paper, a case study on centrifugal compressor has been presented to see the effect of taper pairing of shaft with impeller. When the centrifugal compressor starts then a transient condition is dominant wherein the impeller of the centrifugal compressor gains higher temperature quickly compared to shaft. Since the thermal expansion of the impeller will be much more than the shaft, interference between impeller and shaft is likely to reduce. With reduced interference, the impeller should retain minimum required contact pressure with the shaft and the torque transmitting capability. For conventional fitted impeller, stress built up is a major concern especially at higher speeds. This paper gives a proposal about the importance of tapered interference fit method compared to cylindrical fitted impeller assembly. An effective analysis between the conventional straight fitted impeller and impeller having tapered bore is presented for the same torque transfer capability. The analysis reveals that for the impeller with tapered bore, the stress for impeller reduces and a healthy contact pressure exists.
Variations in the arterial pattern of the upper limb are very common as observed in many cadaveric and angiographic studies. Knowledge of variations in the origin and course of the radial artery is important because they are used for many diagnostic procedures as well as vascular and reconstructive surgeries like coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass surgery. During routine dissection in our institute, we observed a case of high origin of the radial artery in a 33 year old male cadaver. It was found to be unilateral; on left side, radial artery was taking origin from 3 rd part of the axillary artery at the lower border of pectoralis minor before the origin of subscapular artery and anterior circumflex humeral artery. It had a superficial course in the arm crossing the median nerve from medial to lateral side. The further course of this superficial radial artery in the forearm was normal and it terminated by forming a deep Palmar arch in hand. These variations may be of great clinical implications for vascular and plastic surgeons and radiologists. Superficial course of radial artery makes it vulnerable to accidental injuries.
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