The advancement and popularity of smartphones have made it an essential and all-purpose device. But lack of advancement in battery technology has held back its optimum potential. Therefore, considering its scarcity, optimal use and efficient management of energy are crucial in a smartphone. For that, a fair understanding of a smartphone's energy consumption factors is necessary for both users and device manufacturers, along with other stakeholders in the smartphone ecosystem. It is important to assess how much of the device's energy is consumed by which components and under what circumstances. This paper provides a generalized, but detailed analysis of the power consumption causes (internal and external) of a smartphone and also offers suggestive measures to minimize the consumption for each factor. The main contribution of this paper is four comprehensive literature reviews on: 1) smartphone's power consumption assessment and estimation (including power consumption analysis and modelling); 2) power consumption management for smartphones (including energy-saving methods and techniques); 3) state-of-the-art of the research and commercial developments of smartphone batteries (including alternative power sources); and 4) mitigating the hazardous issues of smartphones' batteries (with a details explanation of the issues). The research works are further subcategorized based on different research and solution approaches. A good number of recent empirical research works are considered for this comprehensive review, and each of them is succinctly analysed and discussed.

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Mobile crowd computing (MCC) that utilizes public-owned (crowd's) smart mobile devices (SMDs) collectively can give adequate computing power without any additional financial and ecological cost. However, the major challenge is to cope with the mobility (or availability) issue of SMDs. User's unpredicted mobility makes the SMDs really unstable resources. Selecting such erratic resources for job schedule would result in frequent job offloading and, in the worst case, job loss, which would affect the overall performance and the quality of service of MCC. In a Local MCC, generally, a set of users are available for a certain period regularly. Based on this information, the chances of a user being available for a certain duration from a given point of time can be predicted. In this paper, we provide an effective model to predict the availability of the users (i.e., their SMDs) in such an MCC environment. We argue that before submitting a job to an SMD, the stability of it is to be assessed for the duration of execution of the job to be assigned. If the predicted availability time is greater than the job size, then only the job should be assigned to the SMD. An accurate prediction will minimize the unnecessary job offloading or job loss due to the early departure of the designated SMD. We propose an advanced convolutional feature extraction mechanism that is applied to LSTM and GRU-based time-series prediction models for predicting SMD availability. To collect user mobility data, we considered a research lab scenario, where real mobility traces were recorded with respect to a Wi-Fi access point. We compared the prediction performances of convolutional LSTM and GRU with the basic LSTM and GRU and ARIMA in terms of MAE, RMSE, R 2 , accuracy, and perplexity. In all the measurements, the proposed convolutional LSTM exhibits considerably better prediction performance.

Sentiment analysis attracts the attention of Egyptian Decisionmakers in the education sector. It offers a viable method to assess education quality services based on the students' feedback as well as that provides an understanding of their needs. As machine learning techniques offer automated strategies to process big data derived from social media and other digital channels, this research uses a dataset for tweets' sentiments to assess a few machine learning techniques. After dataset preprocessing to remove symbols, necessary stemming and lemmatization is performed for features extraction. This is followed by several machine learning techniques and a proposed Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) classifier optimized by the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) and measured the corresponding performance. Then, the validity and accuracy of commonly used classifiers, such as Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression Classifier, and Naive Bayes classifier, were reviewed. Moreover, LSTM based on the SSA classification model was compared with Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Naive Bayes (NB). Finally, as LSTM based SSA achieved the highest accuracy, it was applied to predict the sentiments of students' feedback and evaluate their association with the course outcome evaluations for education quality purposes.

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized and dynamically adoptable network. It is infrastructure less and hence can be used where a fixed configuration is not possible or required. MANETs have various real-life applications and hence have gained the attention of research community. Security is an integral part of any computer network system and MANETs are no different. This paper focuses on solving DoS attacks in MANET and shows that a general classification model might fail to identify this kind of attacks as these models fail to differentiate between network errors and a real DoS attack. A reputation-based node classification scheme is proposed to improve identification of real DoS attacks versus any other cause that might not be an attack. Results showed that our proposed reputationbased approach when integrated with any classifier increases its accuracy by around 3.25%. Further, the combined model is able to block real DoS attacks and allow any other cause which is not an attack.

Micro-blogging sites like Twitter have become an opinion hub where views on diverse topics are expressed. Interpreting, comprehending and analysing this emotion-rich information can unearth many valuable insights. The job is trivial if the tweets are in English. But lately, increase in native languages for communication has imposed a great challenge in social media mining. Things become more complicated when people use Roman scripts to write non-English languages. India, being a country with a diverse collection of scripts and languages, encounters the problem severely. We have developed a system that automatically identifies and classifies native tweets, irrespective of the script used. Converting all tweets to English, we get rid of the 'script vs language' problem. The new approach we formulated consists of Script Identification, Language analysis, and Clustered mining. Considering English and the top two Indian languages, we found that the proposed framework gives better precision than the prevailing approaches.

In mobile crowd computing (MCC), people's smart mobile devices (SMDs) are utilized as computing resources. Considering the ever-growing computing capabilities of today's SMDs, a collection of them can offer significantly high-performance computing services. In a local MCC, the SMDs are typically connected to a local Wi-Fi network. Organizations and institutions can leverage the SMDs available within the campus to form local MCCs to cater to their computing needs without any financial and operational burden. Though it offers an economical and sustainable computing solution, users' mobility poses a serious issue in the QoS of MCC. To address this, before submitting a job to an SMD, we suggest estimating that particular SMD's availability in the network until the job is finished. For this, we propose a convolutional GRU-based prediction model to assess how long an SMD is likely to be available in the network from any given point of time. For experimental purposes, we collected real users' mobility data (in-time and outtime) with respect to a Wi-Fi access point. To build the prediction model, we presented a novel feature extraction method to be applied to the time-series data. The experimental results prove that the proposed convolutional GRU model outperforms the conventional GRU model.

Automatic detection of brain neoplasm in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is gaining importance in many medical diagnostic applications. This report presents two improvements for brain neoplasm detection in MRI data: an advanced preprocessing technique is proposed to improve the area of interest in MRI data and a hybrid technique using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for feature extraction followed by Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. The learning algorithm for SVM is modified with the addition of cost function to minimize false positive prediction addressing the errors in MRI data diagnosis. The proposed approach can effectively detect the presence of neoplasm and also predict whether it is cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). To check the effectiveness of the proposed preprocessing technique, it is inspected visually and evaluated using training performance metrics. A comparison study between the proposed classification technique and the existing techniques was performed. The result showed that the proposed approach outperformed in terms of accuracy and can handle errors in classification better than the existing approaches.