Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women globally. Angiogenesis contributes significantly to breast cancer progression and dissemination. Neovascularization is concurrent with the progression and growth of breast cancer. Breast cancer cells control angiogenesis by secreting pro-angiogenic factors like fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin, transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor and several others. These pro-angiogenic factors trigger neovascularization, and thereby lead to breast cancer development and metastasis. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-regulated angiogenesis cascade is a crucial underlying factor in breast cancer growth and metastasis. To that end, several efforts have been made to identify druggable targets within the HIF-angiogenesis components. However, escape pathways are a major hindrance for targeted therapies against angiogenesis. Thus, understanding the key factors that trigger breast cancer angiogenesis is critical in elucidating ways to inhibit breast cancer.The current review provides an overview of the key growth factors that trigger breast cancer angiogenesis.
Halophiles are extremophilic salt-loving microorganisms that can survive in an extremely high level of salinity (10-30% NaCl). They belong to all three groups (i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes). Halophiles tolerate high salt concentration due to unique cellular adaptations like salt-in strategy, compatible solute strategy, and enzyme adaptations. The chapter describes the classification, physiology, ecology, and mechanisms of adaptations and biotechnological applications of halophiles.
Objective: Stem cells have been identified from various adult sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta, to name a few. Recently, the fallopian tube has also been identified as a novel source of therapeutics. However, the ability of stem cells from the fallopian tube mucosa to retain prolonged efficacy of proliferation and differentiation is yet to be explored. This forms the basis of the present study.Methods: Stem cells isolated from the fallopian tube mucosa were tested for their marker characterization (markers of mesenchymal, pericyte, epithelial, and cell adhesion molecules) at various passages (P1, P3, P5, P10, P15). Proliferation, differentiation (osteoblast and adipocytes), and karyotyping were also carried out at both early (P3) and late (P15) passages.Results: Fallopian tube mucosa possesses mesenchymal stem cells, but they do not retain the ability to proliferate and differentiate beyond P15.Conclusions: Although fallopian tube mucosal MSCs (FT-MMSCs) possess stem cell attributes, they cannot outweigh or be used in parallel to existing stem cell sources due to their inability to retain stemness characteristics beyond P15. Since FT-MMSC studies are in their infancy, further in-depth research is warranted to test whether FT-MMSCs have a use in bench to bedside applications. FT-MMSCs might be linked to tubal inflammation and fallopian tube hyperplasia, which contributes to a possible role in diagnostics and in providing insights for the betterment of womankind.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.