The quality of the relationship between custodial grandparents or kin caregivers and the biological parent may have an affect on the ability of kin care or, "grandfamilies," to obtain help from social and educational services, including child welfare, and to provide a safe living arrangement for the child. 322 JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPSbiological parent, custodial grandparent(s), friends, other relatives, educational institutions, and social service organizations. The authors of this paper present a theoretical framework for assessing and addressing the ability of the custodial care network to help children in custodial care homes. Using questions that have been posed by custodial grandparents in a statewide, "relatives as parents program," in West Virginia, as evidence of need for information and assistance, the framework addresses four custodial care situations and makes suggestions for family preparation as well as resource development by social service and educational personnel. The underlying assumption is that the stronger the relationship between the biological parent/adult child and the custodial grandparent, the more likely it is that other members of the custodial care network can assist the family in raising the child without the child entering the formal child welfare system.
In the United States, single smokeless tobacco use continues to increase in conjunction with the dual use of smokeless tobacco and other nicotine products. Problematically, much of the tobacco prevention literature and funding inundates tobacco users with smoking tobacco information while neglecting to provide them any information about smokeless tobacco. Meanwhile, American tobacco companies continually market new and dissolvable tobacco products targeted at non-smokers. New data suggests that smokeless tobacco use is, also, increasing in West Virginia and, in order to address this increased use, the West Virginia Extension Service recently partnered with the Division of Tobacco Prevention in the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources to develop a comprehensive spit tobacco curriculum for West Virginia students between third and sixth grade. This article details the development and assessment of the spit tobacco prevention curriculum and the resulting report from the initial pilot of the program. The curriculum was piloted across six counties with the participation of schools, after-school programs and 4-H clubs. After implementation, survey results demonstrate that youth have increased awareness of the health effects of smokeless tobacco. Throughout the article, we explore West Virginia's Cooperative Extension Service's response to this emerging public health issue and release a call to action for the National Cooperative Extension Services to join us in spit tobacco prevention.
Studies document that low-income children lose academic skills over the summer. Six years of reading achievement data collected by Energy Express, a nationally recognized summer reading and nutrition program in West Virginia, has established the efficacy of the intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics of a voluntary summer program that foster participation. Interview data indicates that children attend because they perceive the program as fun; large creative art (for example, full-body portraits, appliance box castles, wall murals) seems particularly important. Energy Express gives children both the fun they want and the enrichment they need in the summer.
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