There has been no study on the chitin structure of wasp species. Here, we selected the three most common wasp species belonging to the family Vespidae for chitin extraction and characterization. Chitin was isolated from each wasp species and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental analysis (EA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chitin contents of Vespa crabro, Vespa orientalis, and Vespula germanica were 8.3, 6.4, and 11.9%, respectively. The crystalline index (CrI) values for the chitin extracted from each species were 69.88, 53.92, and 50%, respectively. The most important finding of the study is that although the same method was used to extract chitin from each of the three wasp species, the degree of acetylation was different: for V. crabro and V. orientalis it was 96.85 and 99.82% (the chitin was extremely pure), respectively, whereas that for V. germanica the chitin was 79.83%.
The aim of this study was to determine the nest materials and some physical features and elemental composition of Vespa orientalis and Vespa crabro nests. The nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the V. orientalis nest, the average thickness of the fibers was 13.47μm, the nitrogen concentration was 18.75%, the percentages of the fibers, saliva, soil and the water absorption capacity were calculated to be 20%, 20%, 60% and 91%, respectively. In the V. crabro nest, the average thickness of the fibers was 11.48μm and the nitrogen concentration was 27.93%. The percentages of fiber, saliva and the water absorption capacity were calculated to be 23%, 77% and 100%, respectively
A checklist of Iranian Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is presented. The list is based on a detailed study of all available published data. Nine vespine species from three genera (Vespa Linnaeus, Vespula Thomson, Dolichovespula Rohwer) are currently recognized as occurring in Iran
Objective: Today, diseases transmitted by insects and mites still remain an important public health problem. Therefore, the training received by health personnel and their experiences on this topic is important. This study was conducted to determine the knowledge and experiences of students, who were health personnel candidates, on insects and mites likely to be encountered in hospitals or on patients Methods: This study is cross-sectional. No sample selection was made and 1st -and 4th-grade students in midwifery and nursing departments constituted the universe. Independent-samples t-tests compared knowledge to identify differences by students ' experiences and education about insects and mites, χ2 tests compared frequency of correct knowledge answers according to experiences and education about insects and mites.
Results:The participants stated that, in their daily lives, they mostly encountered cockroaches (77.9%) in their environment and lice (52.5%) on their bodies. In this study, the prominent finding was that both experiences and education were important in getting information on insects and mites. Students' ratio of thinking that they had sufficient knowledge on insects and mites, the ratio of recognizing insects and mites given in images, the mean scores of correct answers given to the propositions on insects and mites, and the knowledge of struggling methods were low.
Conclusion:Today's changing environmental conditions have increased the risk of confronting epidemics related to insects and mites at any time. Therefore, it is highly important for health personnel, who are actively involved in epidemics and who consult the community, to receive effective training on insects and mites during the university period.
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