The purpose of study is to identify possibilities of using fruits of eleutherococcuses Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. аnd Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus Rupr. & Maxim., which are undergoing introduction tests in arboretum of N.V. Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Science, as easily renewable biosafety drug and food resource. By standard methods, comparative morphology-anatomical and morphometric study of fruits was carried out; content of air-dry, absolutely-dry substance and ascorbic acid was determined in them; statistical processing of the results was performed. The fleshy drupes that we studied vary in fruits shape, by number, shape and size of stones. Features and similarities of anatomical structure of exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp of fruits, typical for most members of the Araliaceae family, were revealed. Fresh fruits of E. senticosus are smaller and lighter than fruits of E. sessiliflorus, but surpass them in terms of volume of stones and amount of ascorbic acid; content of absolutely-dry matter in them is equally high. We propose to consider fruits of both types as a new promising raw material for the production of biologically active additives and functional foods, alternative to traditional raw materials from roots of eleutherococcuses, traumatic to the plants.
The relevance of the search for alternative plant raw materials to enrich the diets of population throughout the world, including in the Russian Federation, is explained by global mass year-round insufficiency of biologically active nutrients in food. This work is aimed at identifying the most promising food plant species from the list, proposed on basis of long-term observations by staff of Tsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), by bachelors, studying in direction 06.03.01 (Biology) at Moscow State University of Food Production. The research materials (2016-2018) are fruits of hawthorns, rosehips, quince, eleutherococcuses, medlar, mahonia, spindle tree, yews, sumacs, oaks, red-fruited honeysuckles and needles of coniferous plants. Research results indicate the value of studied raw materials as a whole and its advantages in compared species within the genus of plants. Some recommendations for practical usage were made. The following things have been proposed: separation of fruit pulp and seeds before drying of fruits of Crataegus submollis and more preferable C. punctata; wide plantation cultivation of rosehips Rosa amblyotis and R. oxyodon; non-waste separate application of pericarp and seeds of Cydonia oblonga, Mespilus germanica and Mahonia aquifolium; medicinal use of fruits of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus , and more preferable E. senticosus ; further study of cones of Taxus baccata and T. media; as a spice there is usage of fruits of Rhus typhina ; obtaining unique oils from fruit pulp of Lonicera glehnii, L . ferdinandii, L. maackii and arils of Euonymus europaeus; usage of acorns of Quercus robur, Q. rubra and needles of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris in feed production. Thus, possibilities of intensifying plant resource usage in the food industry and agriculture were discovered, primarily due to fruits of native introduced species. It is necessary to continue search and further study of the most promising species - sources of alternative plant raw materials.
Dried and powdered fruits of sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria L., family Anacardiaceae R.Br.) have been used in Asian countries and some others for a very long time as seasoning (spices «sumac», «zatar»). The research is aimed at an assessment of prospects for use of fruits of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.), growing in the middle zone of the Russian Federation, as a spice, having medicinal properties. The morphological and anatomical, dimensional and weight characteristics of Rh. typhina’s fruits, collected in the arboretum of Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), having medicinal properties, were studied. The content of absolutely dry matter and vitamin C in them was determined. For comparison of biochemical parameters, seasoning «sumac» (Rh. coriaria), purchased on open market, was evaluated. It was established that surface of Rh. typhina’s fruit is covered with multicellular trichomes of two types (covering long single-row and glandular capitate on two-celled pedicle); pericarp is differentiated, its structure as a whole is similar to that, described in the literature; the content of absolutely dry matter in air-dry matter (90.5%) and vitamin C (62.0 mg%) in Rh. typhina’s fruits is slightly less than those for Rh. coriaria’s fruits – 96.5% and 64.6 mg%, respectively. Mass of 1000 fruits Rh. typhina (about 12 g) in MBG RAS arboretum is 1,5 times exceed the according to the literature. Thus, Rh. typhina’s fruits may be recommended for further study as an alternative to Rh. coriaria’s fruits, which are traditionally used for making spices.
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