Wind turbines produce mechanical energy that can propagate to the ground and disturb sensitive measurements such as seismic recordings. The aim of the large‐scale experiment Seismic Monitoring And Research of wind Turbine Induced Emissions (SMARTIE1) at a single wind turbine in Pfinztal (SW Germany) is to understand how wind turbines emit seismic signals under different operating conditions and how these seismic signals propagate through the local subsurface. The main objectives of SMARTIE1 are the investigation of wind turbine induced seismic signals, the characteristics of their propagation behaviour, as well as the radiation pattern of a single wind turbine as defined using particle motions. Moreover, we quantify the emission of the wind turbine induced seismic signals with respect to the wind speed. The combination of the wind turbine's emission into the subsurface and the attenuation behaviour of the seismic signals (ground motion velocity) can be used to estimate protection radii around seismic stations to ensure the recording of seismic signals without noticeable influences of the wind turbines. In this study, we detect several discrete wind turbine induced frequency peaks ranging from 1 to 10 Hz. We identify a radiation pattern of the wind turbine, which could give further insights into the interaction between the movement of the wind turbine's nacelle and the generation of the wind turbine induced seismic signals. Using profile measurements with a maximum distance of almost 3 km each, we fit a power‐law decay for power spectral density proportional to 1/rb. The attenuation factor, b, ranges from 0.7 to 1.3 for lower frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz, and increases to b = 2.3 for the higher frequency peak around 5.25 Hz. Finally, we present an example of estimation of a protection radius around the seismic station of the Collm Observatorium that is part of the German Regional Seismic Network. The example protection radius around Collm Observatorium regarding this single wind turbine is reached at a minimum distance of 3.7 km.

<p>Within the ICDP project “Drilling the Eger Rift”, we focus on the German-Czech border region West Bohemia/ Vogtland which is known for its earthquake swarms. These swarms are clusters of small magnitude (ML<4) earthquakes which are supposed to be linked to the rise of fluids with mainly mantle origin. We aim to improve the seismological observation of these small magnitude earthquakes and related processes especially at <span>frequencies above 100 Hz</span> by installing three dense small aperture 3D arrays. Each single 3D array will consist of a 400 m deep vertical array borehole installation and a small aperture (400 m) surface array.</p><p>The drill site S1 in Landwüst and its surroundings serve as pilot site for the first installation. The borehole chain consists of eight 3-component 10 Hz geophones and the continous recordings are sampled with 1000 Hz. In parallel, twelve surface stations are installed which are equiped with 4.5 Hz geophones. The data were recorded with 400 Hz sampling rate at most locations, but at some selected stations we additionally record data with 1000 Hz sampling rate being the desired sampling rate for the final array configuration. Due to the high sampling rates and the high frequency content of the recorded earthquake signals, local site conditions may lead to non-coherent recordings for different parts of the array which have a major influence on the overall array performance. However, preliminary results from broad band frequency wave number analysis (5-180 Hz) in a moving time window (0.2 s) with first test installation data also indicate that the coherency across the array site is still high enough to clearly identify P and S waves from local earthquakes.</p><p> </p><p>In <span>the period December 2020 – January 2021,</span> an earthquake swarm took place with two activity clusters in Nový Kostel (Czech Republic) and Obertriebel/ Oelsnitz (Vogtland, Germany) about 20 km apart. This swarm was recorded by both borehole stations and surface stations in Landwüst. Preliminary results show that more than 14000 events can be identified at the borehole stations and that about 70-80% of these events are also observed at the surface stations. For small earthquakes, mainly the S wave can be identified, but also impulsive P waves are clearly visible at the surface stations. These high frequency waves (up to 230 Hz at the surface) show a good coherency across the surface array. At the borehole stations, we observe an even higher frequency content up to 300 Hz and more. We present recordings from selected events to analyse frequency content and coherency across the 3D array.</p>