Bacteriophage T3 and T7 protect their DNA from restriction by producing, as the earliest detectable phage functions, anti-restriction proteins. Although the two phage proteins differ in their chromatographic and antigenic properties, they act by the same mechanism: the anti-restriction proteins inhibit E. coli K12 restriction endonuclease by direct interaction.
Fusions with the bacterial gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase followed by P-element-mediated germ-line transformation in Drosophila have permitted localization of the DNA sequence that confers a high degree of developmental specificity on a pair of silkmoth eggshell (chorion) genes. The short, 272-base-pair, 5'-flanking region shared by the divergently transcribed genes is sufficient for developmentally appropriate expression when placed upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, in either orientation. A highly conserved motif within that region, TCACGT, is essential for chorion-specific expression.
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