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The results show that fewer than half of anesthesiology residents nationwide correctly demonstrate the approach considered the standard of care for preoperative cardiac evaluation. Further study is necessary to elucidate the correct intervention(s), such as use of decision support tools, increased clarity of guidelines for routine use, adjustment in educational programs, and/or greater familiarity of responsible faculty with the material.

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The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of cyanidin and cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (Cy3Glc) at pH 5.5 in aqueous solution have been studied. The most effective fluorescence excitations of cyanidin were at the UV absorption maxima at 220 and 230 nm and at higher wavelengths at 270 and 280 nm. Cyanidin exhibits fluorescence emission maxima at 310 nm and in the visible range at 615 nm. The most effective fluorescence excitation for the Cy3Glc was at 220 and at 230 nm, and at higher wavelengths at 300 and at 310 nm. The Cy3Glc has fluorescence emission spectra with the maximum at 380 nm and does not show fluorescence emission in the visible range. If compare fluorescence emission spectra of cyanidin and Cy3Glc, it can be seen that fluorescence emission intensity for cyanidin is significantly higher than that for Cy3Glc. These results revealed the impact of 3-glucosidic substitution at C-3 of aglycone (to form Cy3Glc) on the significantly decrease in fluorescence emission intensity, and disappearance of the fluorescence emission in visible wavelength range.

The colour variation, colour intensity and stability at various pH values (2.0, 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0) of cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (Cy3Glc) and its aglycone cyanidin were investigated during a period of 8 hours storage at 25 °C. Our data showed that pH of aqueous solution had impact on spectroscopic profile of cyanidin and Cy3Glc. Beginning with the most acidic solutions, increasing the pH induce bathochromic shifts of absorbance maximum in the visible range for all examined pH values (with the exception pH 4.0 for cyanidin), while the presence of the 3-glucosidic substitution induce hypsochromic shift. Compared to cyanidin, Cy3Glc has higher colour intensity and higher stability in the whole pH range, except at pH 7.0. The 3-glucosidic substitution influences on the colour intensity of Cy3Glc in the alkaline region. After 8-hour incubation of Cy3Glc and cyanidin at pH 2.0 and 25 °C, 99% of Cy3Glc and only 27% of cyanidin remained unchanged.