The absence of phytotoxicity is one of the most important criterions for the use of biofertilizers, and their carriers must be able to maintain their activity efficiently until used. Hence, a carrier that consisted of a mixture of rice straw and rice husk ash in a 4:1 ratio with potential biofertilizers (Rhodopseudomonas palustris TK103, PP803, and P1) were investigated with a salt sensitive rice for seed germination assay and the efficacy of the biofertilizers to ameliorate rice growth under salt stress (0.25 % NaCl) by producing 5aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and reducing gas emissions (CH 4 and CO 2 ). No phytotoxicity was found under optimal concentrations for any of the biofertilizers tested as the germination index (GI) in the range of 105-117 %; however, the carrier had a 94 % GI when compared with distilled water. Among the biofertilizers tested, strain PP803 was the best to ameliorate rice seedling growth in soil under salt stress, particularly on plant height and root length when compared with carrier and water controls. In a paddy field model study under microaerobic light conditions for 10 days, optimal concentrations of biofertilizers provided viable cells in the range of 6.7-6.8 log CFU mL −1 , and strain PP803 was the most effective fertilizer to produce maximum ALA (2.61 μM) and reduce 100 % CH 4 and 47 % CO 2 emissions. It can be concluded that the biofertilizers tested, particularly the strain PP803, could be powerful agents for use in saline paddy fields to ameliorate rice seedlings growth under salt stress and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Keywords 5-Aminolevulinic acid . Biofertilizer . Methane emissions . Rhodopseudomonas palustris . Rice . Saline soil Recently, organically grown agricultural products have become attractive to many consumers because they must be grown without chemical fertilizers or chemical pesticides including fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, resulting in
The optimal conditions for producing 9.96 g/L GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) in mature coconut water by Pediococcus pentosaceus HN8 were 10% monosodium glutamate as an additive, an initial pH of 5.92 and 33C under static condition for 24 h. A seasoning meat (112 g/L culture broth), spicy Laab‐Numtok powder enriched with 8.2% GABA, was obtained from heating five‐time‐concentrated culture broth after mixing with other ingredients (table salt, lime juice, fermented fish sauce, chili powder, sliced shallots, ground galangal, sliced kaffir lime leaves and ground roasted rice), and followed by drying. This product met Thai Community Product Standard (493/2547) and it had the ability to inhibit foodborne pathogens. A sensory test showed our product and a popular commercial brand (CB3) had the highest score for all parameters. This work was most useful to add value to the by‐product of coconut milk industry by producing a novel meat seasoning powder. Practical Applications Pediococcus pentosaceus HN8 could produce high amounts of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mature coconut water (a byproduct from coconut milk industry) under static condition for 24 h by optimization on variable factors such as monosodium glutamate, initial pH and incubating temperature. To obtain meat seasoning powder (spicy Laab‐Numtok), culture broth enriched with GABA was concentrated by heating, then mixing with ingredients (herbs, salt, fermented fish sauce and ground roasted rice) and finally drying. No significant difference for the sensory test of our product and the most popular commercial brands of spicy Laab‐Numtok; however, our product provided sources of GABA, essential amino acids and antibacterial activity for producing safe and healthy Thai top dishes like spicy meats (i.e., chicken, duck and pork). Inexpensive GABA production in this study could be useful for the food industry to produce varieties of the novel meat seasoning products with more benefits to consumers.
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