Naringenin, (NAR) from Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, family Rutaceae, exhibit extensive pharmacological action, lacks significance in application due to low aqueous solubility approximately 0.214mg/mL, which results in low bioavailability (5.8%). Nanosuspension of NAR (NARNS) was prepared with various concentrations of polymers by high pressure homogenization technique. Physicochemical properties of the formulations were studied and optimized in our previous studies. The present study was performed further to identify the anti-inflammatory activity of the NARNS formulation in comparison with standard drug and NAR. Denaturation of protein and membrane stabilization methods were chosen for in-vitro evaluation and invivo studies performed were acute inflammatory studies (carrageenaninduced paw edema) and chronic inflammatory studies (cotton pellet granuloma) on Wistar albino rats. The optimum concentration of stabilizer and co-stabilizer chosen for this study was 1:1.5:1 with ps 80.52±0.13 with better solubility when compared to NAR. The studies demonstrated significantly greater anti-inflammatory activity of NARNS compared to NAR and the standard drug at a lower concentration.
Bioavailability is an ancient but effective terminology by which the entire therapeutic efficacy of a drug directly or indirectly relays. Despite considering general plasma bioavailability, specific organ/tissue bioavailability will pave the path to broad spectrum dose calculation. Clear knowledge and calculative vision on bioavailability can improve the research and organ-targeting phenomenon. This article comprises a detailed introduction on bioavailability along with regulatory aspects, kinetic data and novel bioformulative approaches to achieve improved organ specific bioavailability, which may not be readily related to blood plasma bioavailability.
Proteus syndrome (PS) is a hamartomatous disorder with multisystem involvement that results from mutation in the AKT1gene. Since the symptoms and severity of PS are unique to each patient, diagnosis and treatment become hard for the physician. This article is concentrated upon the identification and recognition of specific characteristics of the disease, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and the necessity of advanced diagnosis, effective generalized and personalized therapy, as well as the requirement of new drugs for the management of PS. Detailed studies on the PS and evidence from the case reports revealed the requirement of intensive care, accurate diagnosis, and an effective treatment for each patient preferably patient-centric drug delivery due to the high degree of variation in the symptoms and clinical features among patients.
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