Industrial waste water contains a variety of complex and toxic chemicals that are hazardous to both the environment and humans in higher concentrations. As a result, getting rid of it is crucial. For many years, cell immobilisation has been employed as an effective biological therapeutic strategy. This study primarily aims to provide an overview of what this technique entails and how it has evolved through time. The carriers that are employed to immobilise the microorganisms were also discussed. Encapsulation, adsorption, covalent binding/cross linking and entrapment are some of the cell immobilisation techniques covered in this study. Furthermore, it includes a brief overview of recent research in this topic for each method. According to the studies, up to 100% effectiveness has been reached in the breakdown of certain contaminants employing specific strains of organisms depending on the pollutant concentration and the microorganisms' incubation period. The review also demonstrates how each strategy has distinct advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the others. It also discusses how this technology can be used to improve industrial waste water treatment and why this method is important in the conclusion.
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