Mechanical loading is an important regulator of bone formation and bone loss. Decreased osteoblast number and function are important cellular mechanisms by which mechanical disuse leads to decreased bone formation. Decreased osteoblast number may be a result of decreased osteoprogenitor proliferation, differentiation, or both. However, the effects of cellular level physical signals on osteoprogenitors are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of loading induced oscillatory fluid flow (OFF), a potent regulator of osteoblastic cell function, on marrow stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs subjected to OFF exhibited increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. In addition, MSCs exhibited increased proliferation and increased mRNA levels for osteopontin and osteocalcin genes. Collagen I and core binding factor 1 mRNA levels did not change. MSCs subjected to OFF also exhibited decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. ical signals regulate bone formation. Changes in osteoblast number and function are imporCurrently, little is understood about the mechanical tant cellular mechanisms by which mechanical disregulation of osteoprogenitors at the cellular and use leads to decreased bone formation. Mechanical molecular levels. We hypothesized that oscillatory fluid unloading has been associated with decreased osteoblast flow (OFF) is an important regulator of osteoprogeninumber [2,4,42], reduced osteoblast size [42], and detors. Mechanical loading induces fluid flow in bone creased mineral apposition rate [4]. Two potential [25,41], and this flow is a potent regulator of osteoblastic sources have been identified for new bone forming 0s-and osteocytic cells [6,16,21,33,44]. We found the effects teoblasts: bone lining cells [3,38] and osteoprogenitors of OFF on osteoblastic (MC3T3-E1, hFOB) and osteofound in the bone marrow stroma [2,19,24,37,46]
Provocative PERG testing serves as a noninvasive test in the living organism to identify early damage to the visual system, which may reflect corresponding damage in the brain that is not otherwise detectable by noninvasive means. This provides the basis for developing an earlier diagnostic test to identify patients at risk for developing chronic CNS and visual system damage after TBI at an earlier stage when treatments may be more effective in preventing these sequelae. In addition, treatment with the neuroprotective agent P7C3-S243 after TBI protects from visual system dysfunction after TBI.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.