Sexual reproduction is the dominant reproductive strategy in the animal kingdom allowing for rapid adaptation to both abiotic and biotic selective pressures (Butlin, 2002;Lehtonen et al., 2012). Pathogens are the main biotic drivers of evolution by forcing hosts to constantly adapt to the peril of infection and can benefit sexual over asexual reproduction (Bell, 1982;Hamilton, 1980;Jaenike, 1978;Morran et al., 2011). In addition to selection as a result of direct effects (changed survival and/or reproductive output), pathogens may interfere with mating systems in many other ways, for instance by influencing sexual characteristics such as chemical cues, behaviour and courtship. Such interferences have been recorded for a range of species showing that frogs, mice, flies and humans are less likely to mate with infected conspecifics (Kavaliers & Choleris, 2018;Kiesecker et al., 1999). Furthermore, physiological, molecular and genetic
3 Isti naslov kot: 1 Uporaba β-galaktozidaze na področju živilstva in prehrane β-galaktozidaza je encim s hidrolitično in transgalaktozilacijsko aktivnostjo. Vrsta aktivnosti je odvisna od izvora encima. V industriji uporabljene β-galaktozidaze so pridobljene z rekombinantno produkcijo iz nitastih gliv Aspergillus sp. in kvasovk Kluyveromyces sp. V zadnjem času se vedno bolj preučujejo β-galaktozidaze, ki optimalno delujejo pri nizkih ali visokih temperaturah. V industrijskih procesih se β-galaktozidaza uporablja v obliki prostega encima ali v imobilizirani obliki. Imobilizacija pogosto ponuja večjo stabilnost encima, možnost ponovne uporabe ter znižanje stroškov. β-galaktozidaza se pretežno uporablja na področju živilstva in prehrane, v zadnjem času pa ima znatno vlogo tudi v medicini. Hidrolitična aktivnost β-galaktozidaze se že dolgo izkorišča za zmanjšanje vsebnosti laktoze v mleku, medtem ko z reakcijami transgalaktozilacije iz laktoze lahko sintetiziramo različne produkte, kot so galaktooligosaharidi, laktosaharoza in drugi. Prav slednji imajo velik potencial v živilski industriji zaradi pridobivanja izdelkov z zmanjšano vsebnostjo laktoze in izboljšanja prehranske vrednosti živil s proizvodnjo galaktooligosaharidov. Kljub temu je potrebno bolje razumeti reakcijske mehanizme kot tudi optimizirati procese, da bo uporaba encima za ta namen dosegla industrijsko raven.Ključne besede: prehrana ljudi; živilska industrija; živil-stvo; encimi; beta-galaktozidaza Potential applicaton of β-galactosidase in food science and nutrition β-galactosidase is an enzyme with hydrolytic and transgalactosylation activity. The origin of the enzyme dictates the balance between both activities. Industrially used β-galactosidases are obtained with recombinant production from filamentus funghi Aspergillus sp. and yeasts Kluyveromyces sp. Recently thermostabile β-galactosidases have been subject of many research. The enzyme can be industrially used in free or immobilized form. Immobilization often provides better stability, reusability and lower expenses. Application of β-galactosidase is most common in food processing and nutrition, it is also used in medicine and ecology. Hydrolytic activity of the enzyme has long been used for reducing lactose content in milk, while transgalactosylitic activity is used for synthesis of products such as galactooligosaccharides, lactosucrose and others. The latter have a great potential in food industry for obtaining products with reduced lactose content and increasing of nutritional value by adding dietetic fibers such as galactooligosaccharides. Despite the potential it is vital that reaction mechanisms become better understood and optimization is in place in order to reach the usability of this enzyme at industrial level.
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