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The purpose of the study was to determine how the understanding of moment of force and its applications can be improved by developing and evaluating a teaching-learning sequence on the moment of force in physiotherapy training. In the study an eight lesson teaching-learning sequence was designed and consequently tested and developed in two pilot studies and two teaching experiments, by using the model of educational reconstruction.Evaluation of the implementation of the teaching-learning sequence was based on how teachers who were not involved in the design of the teaching-learning sequence were able to follow the guidance notes and guidance of talk types, and what kind of teacher talk types they used in different teaching situations. Considering the implementation of the teaching-learning sequence, the development can be regarded as successful, as both transfer teachers followed the guidance notes and the guidance of the teacher talk quite well.

This paper reports on the systematic development of a teaching methodology for two chemical engineering courses. The aim was to improve the quality of teaching to achieve expected learning outcomes more effectively. The development was carried out over a period of several years based on an action research methodology with data systematically extracted from student feedback and teacher reflection. Two new development targets were set every year based on teacher reflection and analysis of the data. Using action research as a development tool is an approach that can also be adopted in many other teaching fields. The results show that persistent development work leads to better learning outcomes and positive course feedback.

This paper describes how two transfer teachers implemented a teaching-learning sequence designed and developed by the model of educational reconstruction. This is part of a wider study where the purpose of the study was to determine how the understanding of moment of force and its applications can be improved by developing and evaluating a teaching-learning sequence on the moment of force in physiotherapy training. An eight lesson teaching-learning sequence was designed, consequently implemented and evaluated in two pilot studies and two teaching experiments. In the teachingexperiments the teaching-learning sequence was implemented by two Finnish teachers (transfer teachers) who were not engaged in the planning of the sequence. The teacher in the second teaching experiment followed the guidance notes better than in the first, which may have resulted from the changes in the teaching-learning sequence and adjustment of the guidance notes following the first teaching experiment. The results of this study can be applied in designing and developing teaching-learning sequences, lesson materials and guidance notes (including the guidance of the classroom discourse) for teachers.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore English and Finnish paramedic perceptions of the healthcare blame culture, its relationship to complaints, the use of defensive practice and if this impacts on paramedic practice and clinical care. Design/methodology/approach-Participants were recruited from English and Finnish ambulance services that have similar organisational and professional scopes of practice. The aim was to gain insight into the similarities and differences between the countries regarding the existence of a blame culture in paramedic practice. Semi-structured focus groups and interviews involving 20 English and Finnish paramedics were undertaken. Qualitative perceptions concerning the reality of a blame culture in paramedic practice and its impact on professional roles were sought. Findings-Three major themes that were identified in the thematic analysis included: blame culture and its influences; the impact of complaints against paramedics; and the use of defensive practice within their roles. These data themes were similar for both groups of participants. The majority of participants thought the healthcare blame culture to be widespread and believed that this was likely to directly influence paramedics' working practices. Originality/value-Whilst the impact of blame culture and complaints on the medical profession has previously been examined, this study makes an important contribution by exploring the factors that impact on paramedics' lives and their practice, within two European countries. The inappropriate use of social media by some members of the public in both countries was a disturbing issue for many participants and was identified as an area for further research.