Background:The unfair distribution and delivery of health-care resources have been recognized as a problem in the worldwide. In the past 18 years, Turkey has undergone rapid social, cultural, and economic changes. The lifestyle and dietary habits of its people have also been changing, and the rates of diabetes, obesity, cancer, and other chronic diseases have increased dramatically over the past two decades. The health transformation program (HTP) has improved the Turkish health-care system since 2003. The main goal of HTP was to progress government, to provide equality between citizens, to give satisfaction to users and providers, and to subsidise the health-care system in Turkey.Aim:The aim of this study is to assess health-care services and health care quality delivery in the Republic of Turkey with special emphasis on governmental hospitals, university hospitals, primary healthcare centers (PHC) and to make comparison with low-, medium- and high-income countries.Methods:This is a retrospective, descriptive study. The ministry of health Annual Reports, websites of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The World Fact Book, organization for economic cooperation and development report, Compendium of Health Statistics, the Google engine, and PubMed were searched for information about Turkey's health-care system and its history. Papers and websites in English were evaluated. There was no restriction on types of articles and sources.Results:Turkey has made outstanding reforms in health status in the last two decades, especially after the implementation of the HTP. The doctor's perception has more influence regarding consultation length and visit than the patient’s. The results of consultations in volunteer practices in Istanbul showed that the mean and SD of the consultation length for the whole sample of 360 patients was 7.95 ± 4.38, (with range = 3–25 min). Consultation time has been affected by the patients’ diseases, genders that women got longer consultation time, medical practices at the urban or rural areas, and ages which older patients required longer consultation time. The current study revealed that increasing doctor's workload leads to decrease the length of consultations. Moreover, average life expectancy reached 75.3 for men and 80.7 for women in 2015. The infant mortality rate decreased to 10.7/1000 live births in 2015, down from 117.5 in 1980. The leading causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system followed by cancer.Conclusions:The Turkish health system and health-care delivery have been improved over the last decade. Still far from perfect, there is a particular planning to increase medical workforce in PHC including well-trained staffs for a specific area. An urgent need is to acquire more accurate and reliable data from hospital and PHC centers in Turkey. Additional some attempts should be made to assess quality of healthcare in relation to services and process.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore gender differences in the work and career experiences and psychological health of women and men in managerial and professional jobs in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach -Data were collected for 94 men and 48 women in managerial and professional jobs in Turkey. Comparisons of women and men using one-way ANOVA provided considerable support for the hypotheses. Findings -Women and men were found to differ on many personal demographic and work situation characteristics: women were younger, less likely to be married or have children, were at lower organizational levels, worked fewer hours and earned less income. Women and men had similar levels of education, however. Women and men were similar on almost all work outcomes (e.g. job satisfaction, work engagement, intent to quit) and indicators of psychological health (e.g. exhaustion, life satisfaction). However, men worked significantly more hours than did women. Originality/value -The research extends previous work by scholars using a sample from Turkey. It is not often that research of this nature utilizes samples from countries outside of North America, Europe and Australasia. Furthermore, unlike some published research, this study uses many instruments/measures, all with excellent psychometric properties.
Purpose – Although qualified women are still underrepresented at ranks of senior management in all countries, considerable progress has been made in identifying work experiences associated with career success and advancement. The studies of mentor relationships in North America have shown that women receiving more functions from their mentors reported benefits such as greater job and career satisfaction, and female mentors provided more psychosocial functions than did male mentors. The present study examined antecedents and consequences of mentor relationships in a sample of managerial and professional women working for a large organization in Turkey. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 192 women managers and professionals using anonymously completed questionnaires. Findings – The following results were obtained: having a mentor relationship had little impact on work outcomes, female and male mentors generally provided the same mentor functions, and mentor functions had little impact on work outcomes. Practical implications – Highlights the potential role of both organizational and societal values in mentoring programs. Originality/value – These findings are at odds with previously reported results obtained in Anglo-Saxon countries. Possible explanations for the failure to find previously reported benefits of mentoring are offered.
We investigated the ethical behavior of Turkish university students to (a) compare the difference in ethical behavior between business students and non-business students, (b) examine the impact of key contingency variables on how they make decisions when confronted with an ethical dilemma, and (c) investigate the process underlying the ethical behavior of Turkish students. Data were collected from business students (n = 158) at a major private university in Western Turkey. The results indicate that a Turkish student's peers, marital status, and education level exert a significant effect on their ethical behavior. Further, business students specifically differed from non-business students in their enhanced use of egoism when confronted with an ethical dilemma. The results of this research may have important educational policy implications for business ethics in Turkey.
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