Background: Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of oropharynx which is caused by various infectious organisms like bacteria, viruses and fungi. The other less common seen causes include allergies and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Aim: To look for range of microorganisms involved in causing acute pharyngitis on throat swab specimens. Methods: After getting consent all the pharyngitis patients attending ENT Department at Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital (ANTH), Islamabad from January to June 2017 were included in the study. From total of 100 patients throat swabs were obtained by established aseptic method and were sent for culture. The organisms involved were recognized by biochemical tests & their propensity to antimicrobial agents was established by established methods. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS v.21. Results: Out of 100 specimens’ microorganisms were identified in 25 specimens while 75 specimens had no growth. Streptococcus pyogenes was the frequently seen organism 9(90%), while the list was followed by Staphylococcus aureus 14(56%) and Candida albicans 3(12%). In 40% single pathogen was identified with Streptococcus pyogenes in 9 samples (90%) and Staphylococcus aureus in 1(10%), whereas 60% of the culture reports were that of the mix infection. Conclusion: The study concluded that streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus were responsible for majority of single organism infections, while candida albicans together with these bacteria were isolated from mixed infections. Keywords: Pharyngitis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Throat; Microorganisms.
Background: Patients come in the head and neck clinic most of the time with no obvious symptoms and most of the time with no visible lesion in the head and neck area. The nasopharynx is the area that is hidden from examination as it lies very deep in the skull base. It has a very high blood supply and a very metastatic rate. Study design: Prospective study Place and duration of study: Department of ENT, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad from 1st March 2021 to 28th February 2022. Methodology: Eighty six patients with FNAC proven neck masses showing squamous cell carcinoma were included. Pan endoscopy was done in all the patients after thorough clinical examination and CT scan. The patients with visible lesion were biopsied from the lesion site and the patients that had no visible lesion were biopsied from three sites i.e. nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. The biopsies were sent to the PIMS histopathology laboratory. Results: There were 52 males and 34 females. The nasopharynx was the common site in the patients with visible lesion in 18 patients. In patients with non-obvious lesions again nasopharynx was the most frequent site in 9 out of 28. Conclusion: The nasopharynx is a very common site for carcinoma and has a very high metastatic rate, so every patient coming to head and neck should be thoroughly examined in the clinic in reference to nasopharynx and any suspicious are should be biopsied. Keywords: Frequency, Nasopharyngal carcinoma, Neck mass
Objective: To determine the effect of paired formative assessment on students’ learning. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi, from Jan 2018 to Jun 2018. Methodology: A total of 160 students who attended otolaryngology module were included in the study. Randomized allocation was done by computerized software programme and students were divided into 2 groups i.e. experimental (group A) and control group (group B). Later on in group A, pairing of students was done by lottery method. Group A and B were dealt with paired and individual formative assessment respectively. Effectiveness of both methods of learning was calculated on the basis of academic scores obtained in tests consisting of 20 MCQs from predefined and taught syllabus. A p-value were obtained by applying independent sample t-test and considered statistically significant at 0.05. Results: Out of 160 participants, 94 (58.7%) were females and 66 (41.3%) were males. In individual testing phase mean scores of group A was 13.36 ± 2.22 and mean scores of group B was 13.24 ± 2.5 (p 0.861). In paired formative assessment phase, mean scores of group A was 16.70 ± 1.94 (CI 95% 2.16-4.55) and mean of scores of group B was 13.40 ± 2.23 (CI 95% 2.16-4.55) p=0.001. Conclusion: The effectiveness of paired formative assessment. This method provides students a conducive environment to achieve learning objectives.
Introduction: A deviated or deflected septum is a condition in which the nasal septum consisting of bone and cartilage and that divide the nasal cavity into two halves is significantly off-center, or twisted, making breathing difficult. Two conventional methods that are septoplasty and sub-mucous resection were used for the correction of the deviated nasal septum with varying degrees of complications. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the complications of sub-mucous resection and septoplasty in patients with the deviated nasal septum. Material and Methods: A Quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Department of Otolaryngology at Bolan Medical Complex, Quetta for a period of one year i.e. from 15-03-2015 to 20-09-2015. 100 patients were selected and divided into two groups. A total of 50 patients were selected for septoplasty and 50 for sub-mucous resection. Patients with nasal bone fracture and external nasal deformity were excluded from the study. Results: Postoperative complications like adhesions were found in 4 cases of each group. Septal perforation found in 3 patients of sub-mucous resection and one patient of septoplasty. Septal hematoma formed in 2 patients of sub-mucous resection only, supra-tip nasal deformity in 2 patients in both groups. Persistence of symptoms in 8 patients of septoplasty and one patient of sub-mucous resection while columellar restriction occurred in only one patent who underwent submucous resection. Conclusion: Sub-mucous resection procedure is technically relatively easy to perform with fewer complications than septoplasty so it deserves it prime role as a surgical procedure for nasal septum corrective surgery. Keywords: Deviated nasal septum, nasal septum corrective surgery, sub-mucous resection, septoplasty
Objective: To analyses the clinicians perspective on routine histopathological evaluation of tonsillitis specimens before tonsillectomy. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: ENT Department, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022. Methodology: One hundred clinicians from both genders were enrolled and 14 questions based proforma was generated. All questions were answered in yes, no or not applicable domains. The survey was software designed and uploaded on a software post data receive. The sample size for collecting data was taken as hundred ENT clinicians were actively practicing and performing surgical procedures. Results: The mean age of the clinicians was 41.3±5.6 years. Majority of the clinicians had an experience of 10-20 years. 32% of the clinicians only sent adult samples for hisptopathoocal asseseemtn while only 5% of the peditric cases were sent for same before tonsillectomy while there were 33% such clinicians who sent it foradults as well as pediatric cases. Conclusion: There are more clinicians who sent adult tonsillitis specimens for histopathological assessment than pediatric cases individually while 33% are such clinicians who sent both adults and pediatrics samples for histopathological evaluation before tonsillectomy. Keywords: Evaluation, Tonsillectomy, Histopathological assessment
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