Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain problem and responsible for causing dementia
in aged people. AD has become most common neurological disease in the elderly population worldwide and its
treatment remains still challengeable. Therefore, there is a need of an efficient drug delivery system which can
deliver the drug to the target site. Nasal drug delivery has been used since prehistoric times for the treatment of
neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). For delivering drug to the brain, blood brain barrier (BBB)
is a major rate limiting factor for the drugs. The desired drug concentration could not be achieved through the
conventional drug delivery system. Thus, nanocarrier based drug delivery systems are promising for delivering
drug to brain. Nasal route is a most convenient for targeting drug to the brain. Several factors and mechanisms
need to be considered for an effective delivery of drug to the brain particularly AD. Various nanoparticlized systems
such as nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, etc. have been recognized
as an effective drug delivery system for the management of AD. These nanocarriers have been proven with
improved permeability as well as bioavailability of the anti-Alzheimer’s drugs. Some novel drug delivery systems
of anti-Alzheimer drugs are under investigation of different phase of clinical trials. Present article highlights on
the nanotechnology based intranasal drug delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore,
consequences of AD, transportation mechanism, clinical updates and recent patents on nose to brain delivery for
AD have been discussed.
Background:
Nasal drug delivery has been used since ancient times for therapeutic and recreational
purposes. For the last decades, nasal drug delivery has been extended for drug delivery to the
brain. Therefore, it is important to understand the several physiological and physicochemical factors of
the nose for brain drug delivery.
Objective:
A major highlight of the present review article is the several aspects of the nose to brain delivery
for migraine treatment. This review will help to understand different factors which are needed to
be considered for intra-nasal formulations to achieve the desired therapeutic effects.
Method:
There are different drug delivery routes available for migraine treatment. Nasal route of administration
may be optimal for migraine treatment which has better drug concentration in the brain.
These approaches may be associated with limiting the adverse effects of drug therapeutics.
Results:
A list of total FDA approved approaches has been provided. Novel approaches used for drug
targeting to get maximum drug concentration in the brain have been highlighted. Several novel drug
delivery approaches such as nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, microspheres, etc. have been reported and better
therapeutic effects have been observed. Among the novel approaches, some of them are currently
under either Phase II or Phase III development but may prove to offer better clinical effects. These approaches
would become the alternate choice for migraine treatment with patients experiencing symptoms
consistent with gastrointestinal dysfunction associated with migraine.
Conclusion:
Intra-nasal administration of drugs for migraine treatment may offer an interesting alternative
for achieving therapeutic effects of drugs which are comparable to the parenteral route. Nasal drug
delivery can be an alternative route of drug administration for migraine treatment to achieve better
bioavailability.
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