A new series of 1,2,3-triazole hybrids containing either 2- or 4-hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole (2- or 4-HBT) and naphthalen-1-ol or 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) was synthesized in high yields and fully characterized. In vitro DNA binding studies with herring fish sperm DNA (hs-DNA) showed that quinoline- and 2-HBT-linked 1,2,3-triazoles of shorter alkyl linkers such as 6a are better with a high binding affinity (3.90 × 105 L mol–1) with hs-DNA as compared to naphthol- and 4-HBT-linked 1,2,3-triazoles bound to longer alkyl linkers. Molecular docking of most active 1,2,3-triazoles 6a–f showed high binding energy of 6a (−8.7 kcal mol–1). Also, compound 6a displayed considerable antibacterial activity and superior antifungal activity with reference to ciprofloxacin and fluconazole, respectively. The docking results of the fungal enzyme lanosterol 14-α-demethylase showed high binding energy for 6a (−9.7 kcal mol–1) involving dominating H-bonds, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameter, Molinspiration bioactivity score, and the PreADMET properties revealed that most of the synthesized 1,2,3-triazole molecules possess desirable physicochemical properties for drug-likeness and may be considered as orally active potential drugs. The electrophilicity index and chemical hardness properties were also studied by density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP/6-311G­(d,p) level/basis set.

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Dedicated to Prof. Rolf Huisgen in the memory of his great contribution to 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. A series of three different classes of benzothiazole linked 1,2,3triazole hybrid molecules with varying alkyl spacers (ethyl, propyl, and butyl) between 2-hydroxyphenyl benzothiazoles and 1,2,3-triazoles are efficiently synthesized under CuAAC condition. All compounds are satisfactorily characterized by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, ESI-MS data and structures of some compounds were finally supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited good to better DNA binding property (0.28 × 10 5 M À 1 to 2.91 × 10 5 M À 1) and well drug-like properties. Some promising compounds showed good agreement to all experimental and theoretical computed properties (fluorescence study, DNA binding, molecular docking, DFT, and ADME Predictions).

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Biothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione) are an important class of compounds with a free thiol group. These biothiols plays an important role in several metabolic processes in living bodies when present in optimum concentration. Researchers have developed several probes for the detection and quantification of biothiols that can absorb in UV, visible, and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Among them, NIR organic probes have attracted significant attention due to their application in in vivo and in vitro imaging. In this review, we have summarized probes for these biothiols, which could work in the NIR region, and discussed their sensing mechanism and potential applications. Along with focusing on the pros and cons of the reported probes we have classified them according to the fluorophore used and summarized their photophysical and sensing properties (emission, response time, limit of detection).

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