The aim of the present study was to examine the biomechanical stability of the mandibular angle fractures (MAF) fixated with standard titanium miniplates in polyurethane models with different gonial angles (GA). Three custom molds were prepared for 3-dimensional printed mandibles with low, normal and high GA. Twenty polyurethane replicas were cast per group and standard MAFs were created on each sample. Fractures were stabilized with 1 4-hole standard titanium miniplate inserted over the superior alveolar border. Half of the samples were subjected to molar loading and the other half to the incisal loading up until 150 N force magnitude. The load-displacement curves and the horizontal moment arms were recorded and analyzed. The samples with high GA demonstrated greater displacement than those with normal and low GA during molar loading (P < 0.05 for both). After correcting for the effects of the moment arm, the incisal loading also resulted in higher mean displacement in the high GA group than the others (P < 0.05 for both) and the normal GA samples showed higher displacement after 100 N level compared to those in low GA (P < 0.05). Within the limits of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the MAFs of the polyurethane mandibles with high GA fixated with 1 standard monocortical plate are more likely to demonstrate higher displacement values under the effects of the molar and incisal loadings than do the mandibles with normal and low GA.
IntroductionInternalized stigma is known to be high in bipolar disorder (BD). Concepts such as self‐compassion and psychological resilience have recently begun to be studied as protective factors for BD. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships between internalized stigma, self‐compassion and resilience among individuals with BD.MethodOne hundred and thirty‐two male and female (18‐65 years of age) participants with a DSM 5 diagnosis of BD (BD‐ I & BD‐ II) were included. The remission criteria (YMRS< 5 and HDRS< 7) was evaluated using clinician‐administered measures and all participants were found to be remitted. Correlation and mediation analyses were performed. Participants completed the Internalized Stigma in Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), the Self‐Compassion Scale (SCS) and the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA).ResultsSignificant correlations were found between internalized stigma, sub‐dimensions of self‐compassion (self‐kindness, self‐judgement, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over‐identification), and resilience in the expected directions like negative correlations between internalized stigma and positive dimensions of self‐compassion (self‐kindness, common humanity and mindfulness). Self‐judgement and self‐kindness mediated the relationship between internalized stigma and psychological resilience.ConclusionsThe findings of the study shed light on which dimensions of self‐compassion might be more beneficial to work with in order to increase resilience when working with internalized stigma in BD. This strengths‐based investigation would be valuable to enrich psycho‐social interventions for the prevention of relapse in BD.
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