Glioblastoma (GB) is the most frequent and aggressive type of glioma. The lack of reliable GB models, together with its considerable clinical heterogeneity, has impaired a comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and response to treatments. Recently, 3D cultures have opened the possibility to overcome these challenges and cerebral organoids are emerging as a leading-edge tool in GB research. The opportunity to easily engineer brain organoids via gene editing and to perform co-cultures with patient-derived tumor spheroids has enabled the analysis of cancer development in a context that better mimics brain tissue architecture. Moreover, the establishment of biobanks from GB patient-derived organoids represents a crucial starting point to improve precision medicine therapies. This review exemplifies relevant aspects of 3D models of glioblastoma, with a specific focus on organoids and their involvement in basic and translational research.

Summary Objective Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men. Radiotherapy and surgery successfully control organ-confined tumors, although, locally advanced/high-risk PCa frequently progress to the metastatic stage of the disease, which is uncurable. Identification of novel strategies to improve the efficacy of standard clinical protocols is a primary need. Among the molecular targets of potential clinical interest recently highlighted by accurate preclinical studies, the TRPM8 cation channel is particularly promising. In this study, we aim at establishing a standardized immunohistochemistry protocol to evaluate TRPM8 expression in normal and pathological prostate tissues. Methods The specificity and sensitivity of TRPM8 antibody ACC-049 was validated in different human prostate cell lines by western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses. Expression of the TRPM8 channel in normal and pathological prostate tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray containing 58 cases of prostate adenocarcinomas and in primary and lymph nodes metastatic human PCa matched specimens. Results TRPM8 expression marks luminal epithelial cells in benign prostate tissue. In malignant lesions of the prostate, TRPM8 expression is frequently more abundant in advanced stages of the disease (PCa stage III/IV). Finally, lymph node metastases and matched primary tumors show similar amounts of the channel. Conclusions Collectively, our results reinforce the importance of TRPM8 as prostate biomarker and emphasize the value of the channel as promising novel molecular target for the treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma.