The highest accumulation levels were found in A. alba for Cr (267.69%); in L. perenne for Mn (51.45%), Sr (114.35%), and Ba (60.81%); and in C. dactylon for Zn (136.62%), Cu (97.65%), and F. pratensis for Sn (704.00%).
In this paper, I investigate the domestic welfare effects of the Byrd Amendment, a piece of legislation passed in the US in 2000, which mandated that the tariff revenues collected from antidumping (AD) cases be directly distributed to the American firms that initiated or supported these cases. In response to the amendment, 11 US trading partners filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO) requesting that the amendment be revoked as it violated the US obligations taken under the WTO. The WTO ruling not only demanded that the law be repealed, but also allowed the complainants to impose retaliatory tariffs against the US exports. This paper demonstrates that the imposition of this law is detrimental to domestic consumers and that foreign retaliation reduces domestic firms' profitability. Moreover, in the presence of the Byrd Amendment and with no or low retaliation abroad, if the AD tariff level is set to maximize tariff revenue, then petitioning domestic firms gain higher profits compared to the profits earned prior to the passage of the law.
It is well known the affinity of lichens for heavy metals absorption, and used as biomonitors in environmental protection [4]. Also they are studied for their hyper accumulation level in the view to be used as natural’s sources for rare and noble metals. This work is about two lichens species which are growing on Larix decidua’s bark. It was collected and analyzed Usnea barbata and Peltigera canina. Both lichens species were growing in closer association each other on bark.
The samples were analyzed by EDXRF (fluorescence –spectrometer) method with ELVA-X.
In this way were registered all the elements which were in a concentration higher then 1ppm. It were determinate the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, chromium, manganese, lead, cobalt. In some analysed cases were registered nickel, strontium and gold. Most important there were the absorption features of lichens which was different from a place to other in studied aria. In the east of this zone both lichens species had the same characteristics of storage heavy metals.
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