The bio-sensing for the convenient detection of bacteria has been widely explored with the use of various sensing materials and techniques. It is still a challenge to achieve an ultrasensitive and selective, but simple, rapid, and inexpensive detection method for bacteria. We report on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the detection of living bacteria in drinking water by employing a synthesis of silver nanoparticles coating the cell wall of bacteria. We found that the Raman signals intensity of bacteria after AgNP synthesis mainly depends on the zeta potential of the cell wall. The enhancement of the Raman signal of bacteria using this strategy is about 30-fold higher than that in the case of a simply mixed colloid-bacterial suspension. The total assay time required is only 10 min and the total reactants' volume needed to analyze bacteria in a real environment is as low as 1 mL. Particularly, only one droplet of 3 μL sample is necessary for each SERS measurement. Furthermore, we can use this novel strategy to discriminate three strains of Escherichia coli and one strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis by hierarchy cluster analysis. Finally, we can detect bacteria down to 2.5 × 10(2) cells/mL on a hydrophobic glass slide by SERS mapping. Thus, our detection method offers prominent advantages, such as reduced assay time, simple handling, low reactant volumes, small amount of sample, and higher sensitivity and selectivity compared to previously reported label free methods. This novel strategy may be extended to open an avenue for developing various SERS-based biosensors.
Techniques to distinguish between live and dead bacteria in a quantitative manner are in high demand in numerous fields including medical care, food safety, and public security as well as basic science research. This work demonstrates new nanostructures (silver nanoparticles coating bacteria structure, Bacteria@AgNPs) and their utility for rapid counting of live and dead bacteria by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We found that suspensions containing Gram-negative organisms as well as AgNPs give strong SERS signals of live bacteria when generated selectively on the particle surface. However, almost no SERS signals can be detected from Bacteria@AgNPs suspensions containing dead bacteria. We demonstrate successful quantification of different percentages of dead bacteria both in bulk liquid and on glass surfaces by using SERS mapping on a single cell basis. Furthermore, different chemicals have been used to elucidate the mechanism involved in this observation. Finally, we used the Bacteria@AgNPs method to detect antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains against several antibiotics used in human medicine.
Based on molecular-specific surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy we were able to discriminate between rough and smooth strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis bacteria. For this purpose, bacteria have been immobilized through electrostatic forces by inducing a positive charge on the glass slide. This way, SERS spectra on bacterial biomass and also on single bacteria could be recorded in less than 2 h, by using concentrated silver nanoparticles as SERS-active substrate. Single-bacterium SERS spectral fingerprints showed to be sensitive to the presence of the O-antigen at strain level and to the microorganisms growth phase. By using principal component analysis (PCA) on the SERS spectra recorded from E. coli and P. mirabilis, these two uropathogens could be fairly discriminated.
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