Background: Immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases such as COVID-19. Aims: To assess humoral and cellular immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in immunosuppressed IBD patients and healthy controls. Methods: In this prospective, multicentre, case-control study, 139 IBD patients treated with biologics and 110 healthy controls were recruited. Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG concentrations were measured 2-16 weeks after receiving a third mRNA vaccine dose. The primary outcome was to determine if humoral immune responses towards booster vaccines differ in IBD patients under anti-TNF versus nonanti-TNF therapy and healthy controls. Secondary outcomes were antibody decline, impact of previous infection and SARS-CoV-2-targeted T cell responses.Results: Anti-TNF-treated IBD patients showed reduced anti-spike IgG concentrations (geometric mean 2357.4 BAU/ml [geometric SD 3.3]) when compared to non-anti-TNF-treated patients (5935.7 BAU/ml [3.9]; p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (5481.7 BAU/ml [2.4]; p < 0.0001), respectively. In multivariable modelling, prior infection (geometric mean ratio 2.00 [95% CI 1.34-2.90]) and vaccination with mRNA-1273 (1.53 [1.01-2.27]) increased antibody concentrations, while anti-TNF treatment (0.39 [0.28-0.54]) and prolonged time between vaccination and antibody measurement (0.72 [0.58-0.90]) decreased anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies. Antibody decline was comparable in IBD patients independent of anti-TNF treatment and antibody

Background: COVID-19 superinfection by Aspergillus (COVID-19-associated aspergillosis, CAPA) is increasingly observed due to increased awareness and use of corticosteroids. The aim of this study is to compare clinical and imaging features between COVID-19 patients with and without associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Material and Methods: In this case–control study, hospitalized patients between March 2020 and March 2021 were evaluated. Two observers independently compared 105 chest CTs of 52 COVID-19 patients without pulmonary aspergillosis to 40 chest CTs of 13 CAPA patients. The following features were evaluated: lung involvement, predominant main pattern (ground glass opacity, crazy paving, consolidation) and additional lung and chest findings. Chronological changes in the abnormal extent upon CT and chronological changes in the main patterns were compared with mixed models. Patient-wise comparisons of additional features and demographic and clinical data were performed using Student’s t-test, Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: Compared to COVID-19 patients without pulmonary aspergillosis, CAPA patients were older (mean age (±SD): 70.3 (±7.8) versus 63.5 (±9.5) years (p = 0.01). The time-dependent evolution rates for consolidation (p = 0.02) and ground glass (p = 0.006) differed. In early COVID-19 disease, consolidation was associated with CAPA, whereas ground glass was less common. Chronological changes in the abnormal extent upon CT did not differ (p = 0.29). Regardless of the time point, bronchial wall thickening was observed more frequently in CAPA patients (p = 0.03). Conclusions: CAPA patients showed a tendency for consolidation in early COVID-19 disease. Bronchial wall thickening and higher patient age were associated with CAPA. The overall lung involvement was similar between both groups.

Objectives The supraacetabular fossa (SAF) is an anatomical variant of the acetabular roof which may mimic a cartilage defect. Two different subtypes have been described: type 1 fluid-filled and type 2 cartilage-filled. The adult prevalence of SAF was reported between 10.5 and 12.6%. We aimed to determine SAF prevalence in a pediatric and young adult population and examine the potential remodeling of the subtypes over time. Methods A retrospective search of the institutional database for hip MRI of participants aged 4–25 years was carried out between 2010 and 2020. A total of 401 eligible MRIs of 323 participants were analyzed by two readers. The documented features were: existence of SAF, definition of subtype and measurements of the SAF in three dimensions. Logistic regression models were calculated to estimate the influence of age on the presence of SAF. Results Out of 323, 115 (35,6%) participants demonstrated a supraacetabular fossa. 63 (19.5%) participants presented subtype 1 and 51 (15.8%) type 2; one participant had both. The predicted probability for SAF increases until the age of 14, beyond 14 years, the combined predicted probability for both subtypes decreased again. In contrast to SAF type 1, SAF type 2 was more prevalent with older age. The size of the SAF decreased with aging. Conclusion The supraacetabular fossa is most frequent in adolescents. With higher age, the prevalence and the size of the SAF decreased. This data supports the theory that the SAF is a developmental variant.

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Objective To determine the age-related prevalence and imaging characteristics of the superior acetabular roof notch (SARN) on hip MRI and radiographs in a young study population. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of 304 MRI examinations and corresponding available radiographs of patients between the ages of 4 and 24 years. Two observers classified SARN with fluid-like findings on MRI as type-1, whereas SARN with fat-like findings on MRI were classified as type-2. Sensitivity and specificity of radiographic SARN findings were determined using MRI as the reference standard. Logistic regression models were used to assess the age-related prevalence on MRI. Results Twelve patients (3.9%) had fluid-like SARN type-1, 27 patients (8.9%) had fat-like SARN type-2, while 265 patients (87.2%) had no SARN on MRI. The odds ratio (OR) for age (years) with respect to the presence of a fluid-like SARN type-1 on MRI was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.70–0.89), meaning that with each year, the likelihood for SARN type-1 decreased by 21% (p < 0.001). The OR for age with respect to the presence of a fat-like SARN type-2 on MRI was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.02–1.27) (p = 0.017). The diagnostic sensitivity for detecting a SARN on radiographs compared to MRI as the reference standard was between 0.75 and 0.83 and the corresponding specificity was between 0.85 and 0.89 for both observers. Conclusion SARN is a common finding on MRI and radiographs. The present data suggest that SARN undergoes an age-related imaging characteristic from a fluid-like appearance to a fat-like appearance on MRI during adolescence.