Exceptional climatic events from 2003 to 2005 (scorching heat and drought) affected the whole of the vegetation in the French Mediterranean region and in particular the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), one of the most important forest tree species in this area. To understand its response to these extreme conditions, we investigated its radial growth, branch length growth, architectural development and reproduction for the period 1995-2005, and linked these variables to climatic parameters. We used four plots situated in southeastern France and presenting different levels of site quality and potential forest productivity. The results show that: (1) the climatic episode 2003-2005 was highly detrimental to the growth (bole and branches), crown development, and cone production but favored the production of male flowers; (2) these variables depend on climatic factors of both the current and previous years; (3) the 2003 scorching heat impact was strong but was mainly apparent from 2004; it was part of a 6-year-long unfavorable cycle beginning in 2000, characterized by high minimum and maximum temperatures and very dry springs; (4) in spite of a significant effect of site quality, the Scots pine's response to extreme climatic conditions was homogeneous in the French Mediterranean area; and (5) the stress induced by poor site conditions generally resulted in the same consequences for tree growth, architecture, and reproduction as in unfavorable climatic conditions.

Androdioecy (the coexistence of two genders, cosexuals and males, in a single population) is a rare breeding system. In terms of functional gamete production, androdioecy has been reported in a small number of windpollinated and insect-pollinated species. In this study we examine the floral biology, stability of gender, and fruit and seed production after self-pollination and outcrossing pollination in a potentially androdioecious tree, Fraxinus ornus, in southern France. Individual trees have either hermaphrodite flowers or male flowers, the latter lacking a well-developed gynoecium. The two genders produce morphologically similar pollen and were present in 1 : 1 or slightly male-biased ratios. Only hermaphrodites set fruit during 2-4 yr of observation at four different sites in southern France. Experimental pollinations of eight trees in two different sites showed that hermaphrodites produce viable pollen in dehiscent anthers and viable seeds. Thus, in terms of functional gamete production, F. ornus is a new case of functional androdioecy. Seven hermaphrodites were self-compatible, and such self-compatibility of hermaphrodites might improve the colonizing ability of F. ornus in a region where this species is actively expanding its range.

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International audienceOn the basis of a dense tree-ring width network (34 unpublished multi-centennial larch chronologies), this paper attempts to reconstruct, for the first time, the summer temperatures in the French Alps (44 degrees-45.30 degrees N, 6.30 degrees-7.45 degrees E) during the last millennium. The adaptative Regional Growth Curve standardization method is applied to preserve interannual to multi-centennial variations in this high-elevation proxy data set. The proxies are calibrated using the June to August mean temperatures from the last revised version of the HISTALP database spanning the period AD1760-2003 and adjusted to take into account the warm bias before 1850. About 45% of the temperature variance is reconstructed. Despite the use of the newly updated meteorological data set, the reconstruction still shows colder temperatures than early instrumental measurements between 1760 and 1840. The proxy record evidences a prolonged Medieval Warm Period persisting until 1500, with warm periods that resemble 20th century conditions but also cold phases before 1000 synchronous with Swiss glacier advances. The Little Ice Age is rather mild until 1660 if compared with other Alpine reconstructions. Thereafter, summers are 0.7 degrees C cooler than the 1961-1990 mean until 1920. The maximum temperature amplitude over the past 1250 years is estimated to be 3 degrees C between the warmest (810s, 1990s) and coldest (1810s) decades. Most of the 20th century is comparable with the Medieval Warm Period

After more than 5 years of study on natural populations of Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. (Thymelaeaceae), four distinct sexual phenotypes are shown to occur: protogynous, protandrous, subandroecious (male), and subgynoecious (female) individuals. The four populations studied differ significantly in the relative abundance of sexual types. Plant size and sexual phenotype are independent in three populations. Each sexual form produces viable seeds. Growth and morphogenesis of the aerial vegetative and sexual parts are described and found not to be related to sexual phenotype. The system, called sexual tetramorphism, combines characteristics of subdioecy (subandroecious and subgynoecious individuals) and heterodichogamy (protogynous and protandrous individuals). High fruit production in females and protandrous plants vs. low fruit production in males and protogynous plants provides evidence of a strong tendency toward functional dimorphism. The probable specialization of protogynous types toward the male function and the obvious specialization of protandrous types toward the female function suggest an evolution from heterodichogamy to dioecy, sexual tetramorphism being the intermediate stage. Tetramorphism in T. hirsuta provides further support for the hypothesis of an evolutionary pathway from heterodichogamy to dioecy.