Background The Drosophila hindgut is commonly used model for studying various aspects of organogenesis like primordium establishment, further specification, patterning, and morphogenesis. During embryonic development of Drosophila, many transcriptional activators are involved in the formation of the hindgut. The transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp), a member of the 57B homeobox gene cluster, is expressed in the hindgut and nervous system of developing Drosophila embryos, but due to the lack of mutants no functional analysis has been conducted yet. Results We show that two different otp transcripts, a hindgut-specific and a nervous system-specific form, are present in the Drosophila embryo. Using an Otp antibody, a detailed expression analysis during hindgut development was carried out. Otp was not only expressed in the embryonic hindgut, but also in the larval and adult hindgut. To analyse the function of otp, we generated the mutant otp allele otpGT by ends-out gene targeting. In addition, we isolated two EMS-induced otp alleles in a genetic screen for mutants of the 57B region. All three otp alleles showed embryonic lethality with a severe hindgut phenotype. Anal pads were reduced and the large intestine was completely missing. This phenotype is due to apoptosis in the hindgut primordium and the developing hindgut. Conclusion Our data suggest that Otp is another important factor for hindgut development of Drosophila. As a downstream factor of byn Otp is most likely present only in differentiated hindgut cells during all stages of development rather than in stem cells.
Dorsal intratracheal laceration was diagnosed in a horse with severe subcutaneous emphysema. Due to the size of the defect and the severity of the symptoms, different methods were attempted to close the laceration. The use of a fibrin sealant is described together with a discussion about other potential treatments and options for this rare condition in the horse.
ZusammenfassungDas Vorkommen von Magenschleimhautläsionen bei Vollblut-Rennpferden wurde in zahlreichen Studien untersucht. Weniger wurde über die Häufigkeit von ulzerativen Magenerkrankungen beim adulten Sportpferd anderer Disziplinen berichtet. Neuere Studiendaten zeigen, dass Magenschleimhautläsionen bei Nicht-Vollblut-Rennpferden wesentlich häufiger vorkommen als bisher angenommen: Bei Distanzrennpferden (engl. Endurance) wird eine Prävalenz von bis zu 93 %, bei Trabern bis zu 87 %, bei Westernpferden von 40 %, bei Springpferden von 63 %, bei Zuchtstuten von 71 % und bei Freizeitpferden von bis zu 53 % angegeben. Seit der Einführung der Gastroskopie beim Pferd in den 1990er Jahren wurden zahlreiche Bewertungsskalen (Scoring-Systeme) zur Beschreibung der Anzahl, des Schweregrades und der Lokalisation der Läsionen postuliert. Leider hat sich aber bis heute kein einheitliches Scoring-System durchgesetzt, so dass kaum ein direkter Vergleich verschiedener Studienergebnisse möglich ist. Außerdem erschweren die in Alter, Rasse und Arbeitseinsatz sehr heterogenen Untersuchungspopulationen den Vergleich und die Interpretation der Daten.Schlüsselwörter: Magenschleimhaut / Läsionen / Ulzera / EGUS / Pferd / Sportdisziplin / Scoring-System Lesions of the gastric mucosa in adult horses of different disciplines: a reviewThe prevalence of gastric mucosal lesions in the thoroughbred race horse has been the subject of numerous studies. The frequency of gastric ulcer diseases in the adult horse of other sport disciplines are less well investigated. Recent data show that gastric mucosal lesions in non thoroughbred racehorses occur considerably more frequently than previously thought. Prevalences of up to 93 % in endurance horses, of up to 87 % in standardbreds, of 40 % in western horses, of 63 % in show-jumping horses, of 71 % in broodmares and of 53 % in leisure horses are reported. Since the introduction of gastroscopy in equine medicine in the 1990s, numerous scoring-systems to describe the number, the severity and the localisation of the lesions have been used. Unfortunately, no standardized scoring system is generally accepted to date. A direct comparison of results from different studies is therefore difficult. Comparison and interpretation of data is further hampered by the heterogenicity of the study populations which consist of horses of different age-groups, breeds and exercise intensity.
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