Data availabilitySummary statistics generated by COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative are available online (https://www.covid19hg.org/results/r6/). The analyses described here use the freeze 6 data. The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative continues to regularly release new data freezes. Summary statistics for samples from individuals of non-European ancestry are not currently available owing to the small individual sample sizes of these groups, but the results for 23 loci lead variants are reported in Supplementary Table 3. Individual-level data can be requested directly from the authors of the contributing studies, listed in Supplementary Table 1.

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a b s t r a c tThe manufacturing of sheets with high mechanical yield stress, low thickness and minimal flatness defects is a major challenge in the cold rolling of aluminum alloys or steels. Compressive residual stress may appear due to the manufacturing process and induce elastic wave buckling, leading to flatness defects. This study proposes an experimental setup to analyze the interaction between residual stress and buckling for wavy edge flatness defects. The residual stress is simulated by thermal stress. High-resolution full-field measurements are used to measure the wrinkling shape and thermal field. The influence of surface imperfections and global tension on the wrinkling characteristics is highlighted. Finite element tests are used for test validation.