In this paper a full review and tutorial of Rectangular Microstrip Antennas (RMA) are carried out. The most important models of this sort of antennas are analyzed in this article and are present in a relevance order: transmission line, cavity model and full-wave. With the aim of supporting educational purposes and training in antenna design, some useful response plots are included and compared with full-wave simulations in both cases, before and after the structure optimization. The main results of this work were contrasted using returning losses and antenna directivity, for some practical variations of the dielectric constant and thickness of the substrate. Antenna patterns and return losses were also simulated and optimized using a full-wave simulation tool
Abstract-Mautly Pathfinder is a system designed to obtain images of the surrounding world presented to a blind person by any video camera and to manage those images to obtain only the significant information for the user such as the shape, size, position and relative movements of possible hazards. This information is transmitted to the user by a vibrating matrix located on the abdominal region of the body. Furthermore, pulses in which frequency varies depending on distance between such hazards and the user are sent to a vibrating interface located on the chest of the impaired person. The purpose is to give enough information to the user to create a cognitive map of the local environment. The system is designed to be wearable and to work at real time, which means that the data processing and the results delivering of such information are done almost instantly. I. INTRODUCTIONRecent researches have shown that Electronic Aids for visual impaired persons must provide to the user only small amounts of information in order to benefit the mobility performance without interfering with the information already gathered through other senses and aids like canes [8] or dogs [9]. In other words, Electronic Aids must be thought as a secondary mobility aid. This means t hat Electronic Aids should work together with primary aids (canes and dogs).Researches performed by the psychologist Alfred Leonard, the founder of the BMRU (Blind Mobility Research) [1] have shown that small amounts of relevant information can turn the long cane performance into a smooth, graceful and safe performance. Leonard describes three basic problems found on the use of primary aids: orientation with respect to the general environment, orientation with respect to the local environment and the detection of hazards not detected by use of the primary mobility aids.Therefore, Mautly Pathfinder has been designed to give information to the user about the hazards located in front of him/her. The user will be capable of creating a cognitive map[2] of the local environment by estimating the sizes, positions and distances of hazards located on his/her surroundings. Also the visual impaired[4] user will be capable to know if hazards are moving and will know the path of those movements and the speed. Of course the acquisition of these kind of data have to be improved by training.The system consist of two subsystems: video subsystem and an ultrasonic subsystem. The first one uses a video camera which takes images of the world presented to the visual impaired person [4]. The processed images are delivered to the user through a vibrating matrix located at the abdominal region of the body. The matrix has been built with 6x4 motors and those motors will be turned on and off depending on the results of the image processing. This means that the video resolution will be reduced to 6x4 black and white where each pixel will correspond to one motor. In the other hand, the ultrasonic system is composed of an ultrasonic device which purpose is to measure the distance between the...
In this paper a modified printed dipole is proposed for mobile terminals operating in the first band of Personal Communication System (PCS) that is ranging from 800 to 900 MHz. One of the most important features of this kind of antenna is its wide bandwidth as required in the mentioned band. The modified design of the proposed antenna allows the user to move in any direction as is usual in mobile communications. The results of this article include an analytical design, simulations that have been performed numerically using a Finite Element Method (FEM) computational tool, structure optimization in order to maximize the antenna bandwidth and experimental measurements with the aim of spatial evaluating of electromagnetic radiated fields.
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