The Wigner distribution function is investigated as a signal processing tool to detect subsurface targets closely located beneath a randomly rough surface. Information provided by a bistatic arrangement of sources and detectors can be used to discriminate target and surface response based on their scattering behavior. It is shown that the bilinearity of the Wigner distribution function can be exploited for nonlinear amplification of the target response. This is achieved by averaging the Wigner distribution of the detected signal for different source locations. Target detection is further improved by numerically backpropagating the detected signal to the surface. A statistical evaluation based on simulated data sets is used to evaluate the performance of the detection method.
The introduction of new water supply techniques in the Deccan region of India helped make water a crucial factor in local warfare. Improved water supply and conservation influenced military networks, especially at sites located on the strategic frontiers between local polities. Water management also served residential complexes within fortified sites and agricultural improvements in the surrounding arid landscape. This survey of the Naldurg Fort, overlooking a lofty gorge on the Bhima River in the modern state of Maharashtra, examines how builders in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries dammed available water to service a strategic frontier military garrison, thereby creating a refreshing environment for a pleasure palace and garden.
All photographs and the survey are by Nicolas Morelle.
gravestone engraved with an ornate Kufic inscription containing a date equivalent to 8 January 949 CE. David James considers the possibility that this could have been shipped to Sri Lanka by the then caliph of Baghdad. The last chapters here concentrate on the faunal and botanical remains uncovered in the excavations. Various specialists identify the animal species that inhabited Mantai and its environs; not surprisingly, they conclude that the food economy was dominated by the aquatic component. Human remains are mostly confined to burials, though the method of interment remains obscure. A synopsis of these finds is offered by the three principal authors of the volume, who recommend that there is little evidence of human occupation at Mantai prior to the first or second century CE. The final part of the volume is devoted to the educational programme at Mantai, which involved Sri Lankan students being instructed by scholarly experts in surveying and architecture, drawing pottery, and conservation and material science. It is to be deeply regretted that this most worthwhile component of the project was brought to an abrupt and tragic end. The 12-page bibliography and thorough index that follow should satisfy most readers. So too the attached CD with catalogues of the Chinese ceramics and of the beads, accompanied by more than 2,000 colour photographs.
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