Chalcones are a group of compounds that belong to the flavonoid family and have a wide variety of uses, including a high therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, such as, anticancer, antifungal or antibacterial agents. As is well known, chalcones are commonly synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation, aldol condensation involving the appropriate aldehydes and ketones, in presence of acid or base as catalyst followed by dehydration reactions. However, under conventional conditions it is carried out with prolonged reaction times and requires expensive catalysts. For this reason, alternative source of energy, microwave or ultrasound, are employed. On the other hand, in all chemical processes a considerable amount of variables (instrumental parameters, reagents, temperatures, times, etc.) take part so a large number of experiments must be carried out in order to define the optimal conditions. In addition, the experimental design technique -important tool-allows the optimization of conditions leading to better yields in shorter times. Here and in line with previous research, we explore the synthesis, assisted by ultrasound, of (E)-1,3diphenyl-2-propen-1-one like a model reaction. Taguchi Design was the mathematical method employed to determine the best working condition. In conclusion, the desired product is obtained quantitatively, without undesired by-products, and in short reaction times. Additionally, the reaction was used, as an alternative method, to monitor the ultrasound equipment using the control chart methodology (Shewhart chart), which allowed us to study how a process changes over time.
The nutrient input from inland water discharges is vital for the development of marine aquatic fauna, being significantly sensitive to changes in water quality (WQ). The assessment of the contribution and distribution of some water quality parameters (e.g., nutrients, metals and inland organic compounds) is of vital importance, especially in irrigation basins. The study area is the Bonaerense Valley of the Colorado River (BVCR) and Mar Argentino, near the mouth of the Colorado River (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The study of water quality parameters is performed in an indirect way, by studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of cohesive sediment (CS), this is possible because the CS has a fundamental role in the transport of substances by adsorption/desorption interactions. We used numerical models (MOHID Land and MOHID Water) in a coupled way, evaluating the complex dynamics involved. The evaluated parameters (flow, velocity, cohesive sediment, salinity and temperature) were calibrated and subsequently validated with data from 7 monitoring stations, located along the Colorado River and adjacent water collectors. Calibration and validation values are within an acceptable range for the purposes, with mean values of 0.8 for NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient), 0.9 (Pearson correlation) for calibration and 0.6 (NSE), 0.9 (Pearson) for validation. The irrigation zone (through the collectors) shows a significative contribution of cohesive sediment, on the order of 300 ppm. The river presents approximately 100 ppm and generates a plume along the coast to the northwest.
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