Although significant improvements in energy efficiency have been achieved in home appliances and lighting, the electricity consumption in the European Union household has increased by 2% per year during the past 10 years. Some reasons are associated with an increased degree of basic comfort and level of amenities and with the widespread utilization of new types of loads. Wishing to increase the understanding of the energy consumption in the EU households for the different types of equipment including the consumers' behaviour and comfort levels, and to identify demand trends, an energy monitoring campaign, was carried out in 12 geographically representative EU countries, accompanied by a lifestyle survey. From the measurements carried out it was concluded that Information Technologies and entertainment loads are key contributors to the power demand. In basically all types of loads there is wide range of performance levels in the models available in the market. Available technology, associated with responsible consumer behaviour, can reduce wasteful consumption. Based on a bottom up approach the European residential sector potential electricity savings that can be implemented by existing technologies and improved behaviour can reach 48%. The paper presents policy recommendations promoting market transformation and behavioural changes in the equipment selection and operation.
The CO2 emissions from a building’s power system will change over the life time of the building, and this need to be taken into account to verify whether a building is Zero Emission (ZEB) or not.
This paper describes how conversion factors between electricity demand and emissions can be calculated for the European power system in a long term perspective through the application of a large scale electricity market model (EMPS). Examples of two types of factors are given: a conversion factor for average emissions per kWh for the whole European power system as well as a marginal factor for a specific region.
The paper is based on results of big-scale implementation of AMR systems in Norway and a consequent monitoring of performance of those for six DSOs in Norway. The data were collected from approximately 17.000 customers for a period of six years. The data has been statistically analysed by using the software tool Useload, developed at SINTEF Energy Research. Based on this, the study proposes definitions of two key parameters: metering quality and metering availability, which describe performance of AMR systems throughout the whole value chain. The study further makes a comparative analysis of metering quality and metering reliability for the six participating DSOs and defines a mathematic relationship between them.
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